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    • Lobelia

    Vibrant Blooms for Borders

    Lobelia is a garden favorite, beloved for its:

    • Intense Colors: Lobelia offers a spectacular range of colors, including brilliant blues, purples, reds, pinks, and whites. Many varieties have a distinctive white eye, adding to their visual appeal.
    • Long Blooming Season: Enjoy a profusion of flowers from spring (or early summer, depending on your climate) until the first frost. Consistent deadheading (removing spent blooms) will encourage continuous flowering.
    • Versatile Use: Lobelia is incredibly adaptable. Trailing varieties are stunning in hanging baskets and window boxes, cascading gracefully over the edges. Upright varieties create beautiful borders, edging, and mass plantings. They are also excellent for mixed containers, adding a pop of color and texture.
    • Attracts Pollinators: Butterflies and hummingbirds are drawn to Lobelia's nectar-rich flowers, making it a valuable addition to any pollinator-friendly garden.
    • Relatively Low Maintenance: While Lobelia does require some care, it is generally easy to grow, especially in the right conditions.

    Light Requirements

    • Full Sun to Partial Shade: Lobelia thrives in full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day) in cooler climates. In hotter regions, afternoon shade is crucial to prevent scorching. Partial shade (4-6 hours of sun, ideally morning sun) is generally preferred in warmer climates. Too much shade will result in fewer blooms and leggy growth.

    Soil Requirements

    • Well-Draining, Rich Soil: Lobelia prefers moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. Amend heavy clay or sandy soils with compost or other organic material before planting. Good drainage is essential to prevent root rot.
    • Slightly Acidic pH: A slightly acidic soil pH (around 6.0-7.0) is ideal. You can test your soil pH with a readily available kit.

    Watering

    • Consistent Moisture: Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water deeply when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. Lobelia does not tolerate drought well.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch (such as shredded bark or compost) around the plants to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

    Planting

    • Timing: Plant Lobelia seedlings outdoors after the last frost has passed and the soil has warmed. In mild climates, you can plant in the fall for winter/spring blooms.
    • Spacing: Space plants according to the variety's mature size (check the plant tag). Generally, 6-12 inches apart is sufficient, but trailing varieties may need more space.
    • How to Plant: Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball. Gently remove the plant from its container, loosen any circling roots, and place it in the hole. Backfill with soil, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil. Water thoroughly.

    Fertilizing

    • Regular Feeding: Lobelia benefits from regular feeding, especially during the blooming season. Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer every 2-4 weeks, following the package instructions.
    • Slow-Release Option: Alternatively, you can incorporate a slow-release fertilizer into the soil at planting time.

    Deadheading

    • Encourage More Blooms: Regularly remove spent flowers (deadheading) to encourage continuous blooming and prevent the plant from putting energy into seed production. Simply pinch or snip off the faded flower stems just below the flower head.

    Pests and Diseases

    • Generally, Trouble-Free: Lobelia is relatively pest and disease-resistant.
    • Potential Issues: Watch out for common pests like aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies. Good air circulation and avoiding overhead watering can help prevent fungal diseases like powdery mildew. Treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil.

    Overwintering

    • Annual vs. Perennial: Most Lobelia varieties are grown as annuals, meaning they complete their life cycle in one growing season. However, some species are perennial in warmer climates (zones 7-10).
    • Annuals: In colder climates, annual Lobelia will die back with the first frost. You can collect seeds (if desired) or simply remove the plants.
    • Perennials: In warmer zones, perennial Lobelia may go dormant in the winter and re-emerge in the spring. Cut back the foliage after it dies back in the fall.

    Propagation

    • Seeds: Lobelia can be grown from seed, but it requires some patience. Start seeds indoors 8-10 weeks before the last expected frost. Sow seeds on the surface of the soil (they need light to germinate) and keep them consistently moist.
    • Cuttings: Trailing varieties can be propagated from stem cuttings. Take cuttings in the spring or summer, dip the cut ends in rooting hormone, and plant them in a moist, well-draining potting mix.

    Lobelia (loh-beel-ee-uh), cardinal flower; Campanulaceae Family. Perennials (and annuals) with showy flowers of irregular structure. Native Lobelia are on the preservation list of many states.

    Lobelia grows well in rich, organic, medium to wet soils. The perfect plant for damp locations such as near ponds or low-lying areas, Lobelia will easily adapt to 'wet feet', but can tolerate well-drained soils with constant moisture. Divide clumps in spring as needed. Prune in the spring instead of the fall, as the foliage will help protect the root zone in the winter. Mulch is also recommended.

    Native to much of North America, naturally occurring as far north as New Brunswick, south to Florida, and west to Texas in moist locations along streams, sloughs, springs, swamps and in low wooded areas. Lobelia may self-seed in optimum growing conditions.

    Attributes: bog plant, border plant, cut flower, and mass plantings. Attracts butterflies, hummingbirds and songbirds. Deer and rabbit resistant.

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    Lobelia is a genus with hundreds of flowering plant species. While most Lobelia species prefer warmer climates, some can tolerate colder conditions. Many are known for their vibrant colors and delicate blooms, making them a popular choice for gardeners.

    Lobelia encompasses a diverse range of annual and perennial plants, varying in size, growth habit, and flower color. Lobelia varieties come in both upright and trailing forms, allowing you to use them in various gardening applications. Upright varieties add pops of color to borders, while trailing varieties are perfect for hanging baskets, window boxes, or spilling over container edges. Some popular types include:

    • Bedding Lobelia ( Lobelia erinus ): This annual variety is known for its compact growth and masses of small, vibrant flowers in shades of blue, purple, white, and pink.
    • Cardinal Flower ( Lobelia cardinalis ): This striking perennial species features tall spikes of scarlet red flowers that attract hummingbirds.
    • Great Blue Lobelia ( Lobelia siphilitica ): This perennial species boasts tall stems with blue or purplish-blue flowers.

    Growing Conditions Lobelia thrives in a variety of conditions, but understanding its preferences will help you achieve the best results.

    • Sunlight Lobelia generally prefers full sun to partial shade. Aim for at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight daily. In hot climates, some afternoon shade can be beneficial to prevent scorching.
    • Soil Lobelia prefers rich, well-amended soil with a slightly acidic pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Good drainage is essential to prevent root rot.
    • Water Requirements Keep the soil evenly moist but not soggy. Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
    • Container Growing Lobelia can be grown in containers and hanging baskets. Ensure the container has plenty of drainage holes and use a good quality potting soil to keep the plant blooming all season long.

    Planting and Care

    • Planting Depth and Spacing When planting Lobelia, space the plants about 4-6 inches apart. This spacing allows for adequate air circulation and prevents overcrowding. Lobelia seeds require light to germinate, so do not cover them with soil when planting.
    • Hardening Off Before planting Lobelia in the garden, seedling plants need to be "hardened off." Accustom young plants to outdoor conditions by moving them to a sheltered place outside for a week. Gradually increase their exposure to sunlight and wind to reduce transplant shock and scalding.
    • Overwintering Perennial Lobelia When well established, clumps of perennial Lobelia can be divided in the fall or spring by separating the basal offshoots from the mother plant and replanting these divisions. Water them immediately after replanting.
    • Pruning Most annual lobelias are self-cleaning, so you do not need to deadhead them. If blooming slows during the heat of summer, cut them back by as much as one-half to two-thirds, followed by regular watering.
    • Fertilizing Perennial varieties can usually get by with a yearly application of fertilizer or compost in the spring. For annuals, fertilize more frequently or apply a continuous-release fertilizer for flowering plants to sustain them throughout the growing season.
    • Mulching Apply a layer of mulch around the base of your Lobelia plants to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

    Pests and Diseases

    Common Pests

    • Aphids: These tiny insects suck sap from plants, causing stunted growth and distorted leaves. To control aphids, you can blast them with a strong stream of water, use insecticidal soap, or introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs.
    • Mites: Mites can cause damage to leaves, leading to discoloration and distortion.

    Common Diseases

    • Powdery Mildew: A white, powdery coating on leaves can cause them to yellow and distort. To address powdery mildew, improve air circulation, avoid overhead watering, and use a fungicide if necessary.
    • Rust: This fungal disease causes orange, brown, or dark-colored spores on leaves. Pick off a few diseased leaves or treat widespread rust with neem oil sprays.
    • Bacterial Blight: This bacterial disease can cause leaf spots and blight.
    • Root Rot: This fungal disease affects the roots and can cause wilting and plant death.

    Dealing with Pests and Diseases Early intervention is crucial for managing pests and diseases. Here are some tips:

    • Monitor your plants regularly: Inspect your Lobelia plants for any signs of pests or diseases.
    • Improve air circulation: Ensure good air circulation around your plants to prevent fungal diseases.
    • Water properly: Avoid overhead watering, which can promote fungal growth.
    • Use organic methods: Consider using organic pest control methods, such as insecticidal soap or neem oil.
    • Apply fungicides if necessary: If fungal diseases are severe, you may need to apply a fungicide.

    Propagation Lobelia can be propagated through seeds or cuttings.

    Propagating from Seeds Lobelia seeds require light to germinate, so sow them on the surface of a damp seed-starting mix and do not cover them. Keep the mix moist and at a temperature of 65-75°F. Germination will occur in approximately 14-21 days.

    Propagating from Cuttings Take softwood cuttings from early to late summer. Cut a stem that is at least 4 inches long, just below a node. Remove the leaves from the bottom 2 inches of the stem and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Place the cutting in a container filled with moist propagation medium and cover it with plastic to hold moisture.

    Lobelia is a diverse genus of flowering plants with over 400 species, belonging to the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). They are found in various regions worldwide, mainly in tropical and warm temperate zones. Lobelias are admired for their vibrant flowers and are popular in gardens and landscapes.Lobelia now includes species formerly classified under Pratia and Isotoma.

    Characteristics:

    • Growth Habits: Lobelias exhibit diverse growth habits, including annuals, perennials, and even shrubs. Some species are compact and trailing, while others are upright and bushy.
    • Flowers: The flowers are typically tubular and two-lipped, with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect, while the lower three lobes often fan out. They come in a wide array of colors, including blue, purple, red, white, and pink.
    • Leaves: Lobelias have simple, alternate leaves that vary in shape and size depending on the species.

    Popular Lobelia Species:

    • Edging Lobelia (Lobelia erinus): A popular annual known for its trailing habit and masses of small, vibrant flowers. It is commonly used in hanging baskets, containers, and as edging plants.
    • Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis): A striking perennial with tall spikes of scarlet-red flowers. It is a favorite for attracting hummingbirds and adding bold color to gardens.
    • Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica): A native North American perennial with beautiful blue flowers that bloom in late summer. It thrives in moist environments and attracts pollinators.
    • Lobelia x speciosa: Hybrids often derived from Cardinal Flower and Great Blue Lobelia, offering a variety of colors and growth habits.

    Growing Lobelias:

    • Light: Most Lobelias prefer full sun to partial shade.
    • Soil: Well-drained soil with moderate moisture is ideal.
    • Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during dry periods.
    • Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can encourage continuous blooming.

    Uses:

    • Ornamental: Lobelias are primarily grown for their ornamental value, adding color and texture to gardens, borders, containers, and hanging baskets.
    • Pollinator Gardens: Many Lobelia species attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.
    • Medicinal Uses: Some Lobelia species have historical medicinal uses, but they should be used with caution due to potential toxicity.

    Lobelia is a diverse genus with a fascinating taxonomy. Here is a breakdown:

    Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants) Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants) Clade: Eudicots (Dicots with tricolpate pollen) Clade: Asterids (A large clade of eudicots) Order: Asterales (The order containing the Asteraceae family, and others) Family: Campanulaceae (The bellflower family) Genus: Lobelia L. (Named after Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish botanist)

    Key points:

    • Placement within Campanulaceae: Some classifications place Lobelia within the subfamily Lobelioideae within Campanulaceae. Others suggest a separate family, Lobeliaceae, due to distinct floral structures and the presence of specialized latex canals.
    • Diversity: The genus Lobelia is vast, comprising around 415 species.
    • Distribution: Lobelias are found worldwide, primarily in tropical and warm temperate regions, with some species extending into cooler zones.
    • Growth habits: They exhibit diverse growth habits, including annuals, perennials, shrubs, and even small trees in tropical regions.

    Example species:

    • Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal flower): A striking North American native with brilliant red flowers.
    • Lobelia siphilitica (Great blue lobelia): Another North American species with vibrant blue flowers.
    • Lobelia erinus (Edging lobelia): A popular garden annual with delicate blue, white, or pink flowers, often used in borders and hanging baskets.
    • Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco): Known for its medicinal properties, but also toxic if ingested.

    This provides a general overview of Lobelia's taxonomy. The classification and relationships within this genus are still being studied and refined by botanists.

    Lobelia displays a wide array of forms, making it a diverse and fascinating genus. However, some key morphological traits unite these plants. Here is a closer look:

    Overall Growth Habit:

    • Varied: Lobelias can be annuals, perennials, shrubs, or even small trees (in tropical climates).
    • Forms: They can be upright, trailing, or mounding, depending on the species.

    Leaves:

    • Arrangement: Typically alternate, meaning they are arranged singly along the stem.
    • Shape: Often simple and lance-shaped to oval but can vary considerably.
    • Margins: Can be smooth, toothed, or lobed.
    • Color: Usually green, but some species have bronze or purplish tones.

    Flowers:

    • Inflorescence: Flowers are often borne in racemes (elongated clusters with stalked flowers) or spikes.
    • Flower shape: Tubular, with two lips (bilabiate).
      • Upper lip: Usually has two smaller, upright lobes.
      • Lower lip: Typically has three larger lobes that often spread outwards or downwards.
    • Colors: Highly diverse, including shades of blue, purple, red, white, and pink.
    • Pollination: Primarily pollinated by insects like bees and hummingbirds, attracted to the nectar-rich flowers.

    Fruits and Seeds:

    • Fruit type: Capsules, which are dry fruits that split open to release seeds.
    • Seeds: Numerous and small, often dispersed by wind or water.

    Other notable features:

    • Milky sap: Many Lobelia species contain a milky sap (latex) that can be an irritant to some people.
    • Specialized pollinators: Some Lobelia species have evolved specialized pollination mechanisms, such as those that rely on specific bird species for pollination.

    Examples illustrating diversity:

    • _Lobelia cardinalis_ (Cardinal flower): Tall, upright perennial with lance-shaped leaves and brilliant red, tubular flowers.
    • _Lobelia erinus_ (Edging lobelia): Compact annual with small, oval leaves and masses of delicate blue, white, or pink flowers.
    • Lobelia tupa (Devil's tobacco): A large, shrubby species with hairy leaves and reddish-purple flowers.

    This overview highlights the key morphological features of Lobelia. Remember that there's significant variation among the many species, making this a diverse and fascinating genus to explore.

    Cultivating Lobelia can be a rewarding experience, bringing vibrant colors and delicate beauty to your garden. Here is a comprehensive guide to help you succeed:

    1. Choosing the Right Lobelia:

    • Species and Cultivars: Consider your needs and preferences.
      • Annuals: Lobelia erinus is popular for borders and containers.
      • Perennials: Lobelia cardinalis and Lobelia siphilitica are great for moist garden beds.
      • Trailing varieties: Look for cultivars like 'Regatta' or 'Cascade' for hanging baskets.
    • Climate: Choose species or cultivars suited to your climate. Some are more heat-tolerant, while others prefer cooler conditions.

    2. Planting:

    • Timing:
      • Annuals: Start indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost or sow seeds directly outdoors after the last frost.
      • Perennials: Plant in spring or fall.
    • Location:
      • Light: Most Lobelias prefer full sun to partial shade. In hot climates, afternoon shade is beneficial.
      • Soil: Well-drained soil is essential. Amend heavy clay soil with compost to improve drainage.
    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size, typically 6-12 inches apart.

    3. Watering:

    • Frequency: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during hot, dry periods.
    • Method: Water at the base of the plants to avoid wetting the foliage and prevent fungal diseases.

    4. Fertilizing:

    • Type: Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer.
    • Frequency: Fertilize every 2-3 weeks during the growing season.

    5. Maintenance:

    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers to encourage continuous blooming.
    • Pinching: Pinch back young plants to promote bushier growth.
    • Pruning: Cut back perennial Lobelias in late fall or early spring to maintain their shape.
    • Supporting: Tall varieties may need staking to prevent flopping.

    6. Pest and Disease Control:

    • Pests: Watch for aphids, spider mites, and slugs. Use appropriate control methods if needed.
    • Diseases: Powdery mildew and root rot can occur. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overwatering.

    7. Winter Care:

    • Annuals: Typically discarded after the first frost.
    • Perennials: Mulch around the base of the plants in fall to protect the roots from freezing temperatures.

    Extra Tips:

    • Lobelia can be grown in containers but ensure good drainage and consistent watering.
    • Some Lobelia species self-seed readily, so you may have new plants popping up in your garden.
    • Consider companion plants that thrive in similar conditions, such as petunias, calibrachoa, and verbena.

    By following these guidelines, you can cultivate beautiful Lobelia plants that will add vibrant color and charm to your garden.

    Spring:

    • March - April:
      • Start seeds indoors: For annual Lobelias like Lobelia erinus, start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost.
      • Prepare garden beds: Amend soil with compost if necessary, ensuring good drainage.
      • Plant perennials: If planting perennial Lobelias, do so after the last frost.
    • May - June:
      • Harden off seedlings: Gradually acclimate seedlings to outdoor conditions before planting.
      • Plant annuals: Transplant seedlings or sow seeds directly outdoors after the last frost.
      • Pinch: Pinch back young plants to encourage bushier growth.
      • Fertilize: Begin regular fertilization every 2-3 weeks.

    Summer:

    • July - August:
      • Water regularly: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during hot, dry periods.
      • Deadhead: Remove faded flowers to promote continuous blooming.
      • Monitor for pests: Watch for aphids, spider mites, and other pests.
      • Stake tall varieties: Provide support if needed to prevent flopping.

    Fall:

    • September - October:
      • Reduce watering: Gradually reduce watering as temperatures cool.
      • Cut back perennials: Cut back perennial Lobelias in late fall to maintain their shape.
      • Mulch perennials: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of perennial Lobelias to protect the roots over winter.

    Winter:

    • November - February:
      • Protect perennials: In colder climates, provide additional winter protection for perennials with a layer of leaves or evergreen boughs.
      • Overwinter annuals (optional): In some cases, you can overwinter annual Lobelias indoors by taking cuttings or potting them up before the first frost.

    Ongoing Care:

    • Observe your plants: Pay close attention to the health and growth of your Lobelias.
    • Adjust care as needed: Modify watering and fertilization based on weather conditions and the specific needs of your Lobelias.
    • Maintain good air circulation: This helps prevent fungal diseases.

    Important Note: This calendar provides a general guideline. The specific timing of tasks may vary depending on your location, climate, and the specific Lobelia species or cultivar you are growing. Always consider your local conditions and the individual needs of your plants when planning your garden care.

    The Lobelia genus is incredibly diverse, with a wide array of species and cultivated varieties offering various colors, forms, and sizes. Here is a glimpse into some of the most noteworthy ones:

    Species:

    • Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal flower): A standout North American native with intense scarlet-red flowers on tall stems. It thrives in moist soils and attracts hummingbirds.
    • Lobelia siphilitica (Great blue lobelia): Another North American species, known for its vibrant blue flowers and tolerance of moist to wet conditions.
    • Lobelia erinus (Edging lobelia): A popular annual with a compact growth habit and masses of small, delicate flowers in shades of blue, purple, white, or pink. Often used in borders and containers.
    • Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco): Historically, used in traditional medicine, this species has pale blue or white flowers and inflated seed capsules. Caution: All parts of this plant are toxic.
    • Lobelia laxiflora: This species has a sprawling habit with long, slender stems and red, orange, or yellow flowers with contrasting markings.

    Groups:

    While not formal taxonomic groups, Lobelias can be broadly categorized by their growth habit:

    • Upright Lobelias: These include species like L. cardinalis and L. siphilitica, which have vertical stems and are well-suited for borders or background plantings.
    • Trailing Lobelias: These are often cultivars of L. erinus and are ideal for hanging baskets, window boxes, and cascading over walls.
    • Mounding Lobelias: These form compact mounds and are excellent for edging, ground cover, or rock gardens.

    Varieties and Cultivars:

    • Lobelia erinus 'Crystal Palace': A compact cultivar with bronze-green foliage and deep blue flowers.
    • Lobelia erinus 'Regatta Rose': A trailing variety with rose-pink flowers.
    • Lobelia erinus 'Sapphire': A popular trailing cultivar with deep blue flowers and a white eye.
    • Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Scarlet': A hybrid with vibrant scarlet-red flowers and a bushy growth habit.
    • Lobelia x speciosa 'Vedrariensis': A tall hybrid with deep purple flowers.

    Tips for Choosing:

    • Purpose: Consider how you intend to use the Lobelia (e.g., borders, containers, hanging baskets).
    • Color: Select colors that complement your existing garden design.
    • Growth habit: Choose a growth habit that suits your needs and the available space.
    • Hardiness: Check the plant's hardiness zone to ensure it is suitable for your climate.

    This is just a small selection of the many beautiful Lobelia species and cultivars available. When choosing a Lobelia for your garden, be sure to research its specific requirements to ensure it thrives in your conditions.

    Lobelia's vibrant colors and varied forms make it a superb choice for mass planting, creating stunning displays in your garden. Here is how to use Lobelia effectively:

    Choosing the Right Lobelia:

    • Growth Habit:
      • Lobelia erinus_ (Edging Lobelia): This versatile species offers compact mounding and trailing cultivars, perfect for creating carpets of color or cascading effects.
      • Upright Lobelias: Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal flower) and Lobelia siphilitica (Great blue lobelia) are excellent for adding vertical accents and attracting pollinators.
    • Color Scheme: Select Lobelias with colors that complement or contrast with your existing garden design. Consider mixing different shades of blue, purple, and white for a dynamic display.
    • Blooming Time: Choose varieties with similar blooming periods for a unified burst of color.

    Design and Spacing:

    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size. For Lobelia erinus, 6-12 inches apart is usually sufficient. Taller varieties may need more space.
    • Density: Plant densely for a lush, full look. The closer spacing will also help suppress weeds.
    • Patterns and Combinations:
      • Solid Blocks: Create impactful blocks of a single color or variety.
      • Mixed Plantings: Combine different Lobelia colors and forms for a more dynamic and textured look.
      • Companion Plants: Pair Lobelias with other annuals like petunias, calibrachoa, and verbena for complementary colors and textures.

    Ideal Locations for Mass Planting:

    • Borders: Edge garden beds or walkways with low-growing Lobelias for a neat and colorful border.
    • Containers and Hanging Baskets: Trailing varieties of Lobelia erinus create stunning waterfalls of color in containers and hanging baskets.
    • Meadow Gardens: Incorporate upright Lobelias like L. cardinalis and L. siphilitica into wildflower meadows or naturalistic plantings.
    • Rock Gardens: Use compact, mounding Lobelias to add pops of color to rock gardens or crevices.

    Care Tips for Mass Plantings:

    • Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during hot, dry periods. Water deeply and regularly but avoid overwatering.
    • Fertilizing: Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer every 2-3 weeks to promote healthy growth and abundant blooms.
    • Deadheading: Regular deadheading encourages continuous flowering and prevents the plants from going to seed prematurely.

    Examples of Effective Mass Plantings:

    • Cool Blue Carpet: Mass plant 'Crystal Palace' Lobelia for a sea of deep blue flowers with contrasting bronze foliage.
    • Mixed Border: Combine 'Regatta Rose' and 'Sapphire' Lobelias with white petunias for a romantic and colorful border.
    • Pollinator Paradise: Plant a mix of Lobelia cardinalis and Lobelia siphilitica with other native wildflowers to attract hummingbirds and bees.

    By carefully selecting your Lobelia varieties and following these tips, you can create breathtaking mass plantings that will bring vibrant color and life to your garden.

    Lobelia FAQ

    Here are some of the characteristics of Lobelia:

    • Flowering plants: Lobelia is a genus of flowering plants comprising over 400 species of small to large annuals, perennial herbs, and shrubs . Their long flowering period, ease of cultivation, and striking flowers have made many Lobelia species popular garden subjects.
    • Leaf structure: Most members have simple leaves borne alternately along the stems. The leaves are delicate and ovate, with a dark green color.
    • Flower structure: The most distinct characteristic of Lobelia is its unique flowers. They are two-lipped tubular flowers, with five lobes . Often, the flowers have two erect upper lobes, and a lower fan formed of the remaining three lobes. The flowers come in a variety of colors, including blue, violet, purple, red, and pink, and often have yellow or white eyes.
    • Habit: Lobelia species can either have an upright and bushy habit or be more pendulous. Upright varieties typically grow to 4-9 inches tall, while trailing varieties can reach up to a meter in length. This makes them perfect for various gardening applications, from borders and flower beds to hanging baskets and containers.
    • Toxicity: It is important to note that all parts of the Lobelia plant are toxic if ingested and can cause serious health problems.

    Here are some of the most popular Lobelia species cultivated in gardens:

    • Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis): This perennial variety has tall, upright stems with vibrant red flowers.
    • Blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica): This perennial Lobelia features blue flowers and prefers moist locations.
    • Trailing lobelia (Lobelia erinus): This widely cultivated annual species is known for its profuse blooms and cascading growth habit. It comes in a wide variety of flower colors.

    Lobelia is a large and diverse genus, so its native distribution is quite widespread. Here is a general overview:  

    • Americas: Many Lobelia species are native to North and South America. This includes popular species like Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis) and Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) which are native to North America.
    • Africa: A significant number of Lobelia species are native to Africa, particularly South Africa, which boasts a rich diversity of the genus.
    • Asia: Some Lobelia species are also found in Asia, though not as many as in the Americas or Africa.
    • Australia: Australia has a few native Lobelia species as well.

    Here is a guide on how to plant Lobelia:

    Choosing the right time and location:

    • Lobelia thrives in cool weather. In most places, it is best to plant Lobelia transplants in the spring after the danger of frost has passed.
    • For hot summer climates, consider planting in late September through December for blooms in early spring.
    • Lobelia can tolerate a variety of light conditions but prefers full sun to partial shade. Opt for more shade on very hot afternoons, especially in hot climates.

    Planting Lobelia:

    • Lobelia prefers well-draining, moist soil that is rich in organic matter. Amend the planting area with compost or a good quality potting mix before planting.
    • Dig holes slightly wider and deeper than the root ball of your Lobelia plant.
    • Gently remove the Lobelia from its pot and tease out any rootbound roots.
    • Place the Lobelia in the hole and fill the surrounding area with soil, tamping it down gently to eliminate air pockets.
    • Water thoroughly after planting to establish the root system.

    Additional care tips:

    • Lobelia prefers consistently moist soil, so water regularly, especially during hot weather or dry spells. Avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
    • Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plant to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
    • Lobelia benefits from regular fertilization throughout the growing season. You can use a time-release fertilizer at planting and supplement with a liquid fertilizer every 4-6 weeks.

    By following these tips, you can successfully plant and care for your Lobelia plants and enjoy their beautiful flowers throughout the season.

    What are varieties of Lobelia?

    There are over 400 species of Lobelia, but here are some of the most popular varieties cultivated in gardens:

    • Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis): This perennial variety has tall, upright stems (up to 4 feet tall) with vibrant red flowers. It prefers full sun to partial shade and moist soil.
    • Blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica): This perennial Lobelia features blue flowers and prefers moist locations in full sun to part shade. It can grow up to 3 feet tall.
    • Trailing lobelia (Lobelia erinus): This widely cultivated annual species is known for its profuse blooms and cascading growth habit, making it perfect for hanging baskets and containers. It comes in a wide variety of flower colors, including blue, purple, red, white, and pink. It typically grows 6-8 inches tall but can trail up to a meter in length.

    Here are some other notable Lobelia varieties:

    • Lobelia x speciosa: These are large-flowered hybrids between Lobelia cardinalis and Lobelia siphilitica. They come in a wide range of colors from white, blue, and deep purple through to vibrant red, and tend to send their flowering stems up 16 inches to 4 feet above fleshy, evergreen rosettes.
    • Lobelia tupa: This striking variety has bright red flowers and dark green foliage. It is a half-hardy perennial that typically grows 1-2 feet tall.
    • Lobelia laxiflora subsp. angustifolia: This variety features slender arching stems with narrow leaves and blue flowers. It is a low-growing perennial that reaches about 8 inches in height.

    Caring for Lobelia is fairly straightforward, but here is a breakdown of the key aspects to keep your plants thriving:

    Light and Location:

    • Lobelia can tolerate a variety of light conditions, but it generally prefers full sun to partial shade. Aim for at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight daily.
    • In very hot climates, some afternoon shade can be beneficial to prevent scorching, especially for trailing varieties in containers.

    Watering:

    • Lobelia enjoys consistently moist soil, so regular watering is crucial. The frequency will depend on factors like climate, sunlight exposure, and pot size.
    • During hot weather or dry spells, you will likely need to water more frequently. Stick your finger in the soil to check moisture levels - if the top inch feels dry, it is time to water.
    • Avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. Lobelia prefers evenly moist soil, not soggy.

    Soil and Fertilizer:

    • Lobelia thrives in well-draining, fertile soil rich in organic matter. Amending your planting area with compost or a good quality potting mix will ensure proper drainage and provide essential nutrients.
    • For container-grown Lobelia, use a well-draining potting mix specifically formulated for flowering plants.
    • Lobelia benefits from regular fertilization throughout the growing season. You can use a slow-release fertilizer at planting time and supplement with a balanced liquid fertilizer every 4-6 weeks.

    Pruning and Deadheading:

    • Most Lobelia varieties, particularly trailing varieties, benefit from occasional light pruning to maintain a bushy and compact shape. You can simply pinch off leggy stems or spent flowers to encourage new growth and continued blooming.
    • Deadheading, which involves removing spent flowers, is not always necessary for some trailing Lobelia varieties as they are self-cleaning. However, it can improve the overall appearance of the plant and potentially promote further blooming.

    Additional Tips:

    • Apply a layer of mulch around the base of your Lobelia plants to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
    • Keep an eye out for common pests and diseases that can affect Lobelia, such as aphids, mealybugs, and powdery mildew. Early intervention with organic methods or insecticidal soap can help control pest infestations.
    • Depending on the variety, Lobelia can be a perennial or annual plant. Perennial varieties will die back in winter but re-emerge in spring. Annual Lobelia will need to be replanted each year.

    By following these care tips, you can ensure your Lobelia flourishes and adds beautiful blooms to your garden or containers throughout the season.

    While many Lobelia species do self-seed readily, it is not a universal trait across the entire genus. Here is what influences Lobelia's self-seeding behavior:

    Factors that encourage self-seeding:

    • Species: Some species are naturally more prolific seeders than others. For example, Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) is known to self-seed readily, while others might do so sparingly.
    • Growing Conditions: Optimal growing conditions, such as moist soil and sufficient sunlight, can lead to robust seed production and dispersal.
    • Deadheading: If spent flowers are not removed (deadheaded), the plant will put more energy into seed production, increasing the likelihood of self-seeding.

    Factors that limit self-seeding:

    • Hybrids: Many hybrid Lobelia varieties, especially annuals, may produce sterile seeds or seeds that do not grow true to the parent plant.
    • Environmental Conditions: Harsh conditions, such as extreme drought or cold, can hinder seed development and germination.
    • Seed Dispersal: Some Lobelias have seed pods that do not readily release seeds, limiting their spread.

    How to manage self-seeding:

    • Deadheading: Regularly removing spent flowers can significantly reduce self-seeding.
    • Seed Collection: Collect seeds from desired plants before they disperse to control their spread.
    • Mulching: A layer of mulch can help prevent seeds from reaching the soil and germinating.

    Yes, Lobelia is a pollinator magnet! Here is why:

    • Attractive colors: Many Lobelia varieties boast vibrant blue, red, or purple flowers - colors that are particularly attractive to pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.
    • Nectar and pollen: Lobelia flowers produce nectar and pollen, which are essential food sources for pollinators. The nectar provides them with energy, while the pollen provides protein and nutrients for their young. The tubular shape of the Lobelia flower is well-suited for some pollinators, like bumblebees, to reach the nectar.
    • Varieties for different pollinators: Different Lobelia varieties attract different pollinators. For instance, trailing Lobelia with its shorter flowers might be more suitable for small bees and butterflies, while taller varieties with deeper tubes might be preferred by hummingbirds with longer beaks.

    Overall, Lobelia is a great choice for gardeners who want to attract pollinators to their gardens and support the local ecosystem.

    Lobelias are generally easy to get to bloom, but sometimes they need a little encouragement! Here is a breakdown of how to ensure your Lobelia puts on a vibrant floral display:

    1. Right Plant, Right Place:

    • Sunlight: Most Lobelias thrive in full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight) to partial shade (4-6 hours). In hotter climates, afternoon shade can be beneficial.
    • Soil: Well-drained soil is crucial. Lobelias do not like soggy roots. Amend heavy clay soil with compost to improve drainage.
    • Moisture: Consistent moisture is key, especially during dry spells. Water regularly but avoid overwatering.

    2. Feeding for Flowers:

    • Fertilize: Lobelias are heavy feeders. Use a balanced liquid fertilizer every 2-4 weeks during the growing season. A fertilizer higher in phosphorus (the middle number in the NPK ratio) can encourage blooming.

    3. Encouraging Blooms:

    • Deadheading: Regularly remove faded flowers. This prevents the plant from putting energy into seed production and encourages more blooms.
    • Pinching: Pinch back young plants to promote bushier growth and more flower buds.
    • Pruning: If your Lobelia gets leggy, cut it back by about half in mid-summer. This will rejuvenate the plant and stimulate new growth and flowering.

    4. Troubleshooting:

    • Not Enough Sun: If your Lobelia is not blooming, it may not be getting enough sunlight. Move it to a sunnier location.
    • Overwatering: Overwatering can lead to root rot and inhibit blooming. Ensure good drainage and avoid soggy soil.
    • Too Much Nitrogen: Excessive nitrogen fertilizer can promote leafy growth at the expense of flowers. Use a balanced fertilizer or one with higher phosphorus.
    • Pests and Diseases: Check for pests like aphids or diseases like powdery mildew, which can affect blooming. Treat promptly if found.

    5. Specific Needs:

    • Annual Lobelias (like Lobelia erinus): These typically start blooming in spring and continue until frost. Deadheading is crucial for continuous blooms.
    • Perennial Lobelias (like Lobelia cardinalis or Lobelia siphilitica): These usually bloom later in the season, from mid-summer to fall. Divide clumps every few years to maintain vigor.

    By following these tips, you can encourage your Lobelia to produce abundant and beautiful blooms! If you have a specific Lobelia species in mind, let me know, and I can provide more tailored advice.

    Yes, even though Lobelia is a relatively easy-care plant, there are a few common pests and diseases that can affect it. Here are some of the most common ones:

    Pests:

    • Spider mites: These tiny mites suck the juices out of Lobelia leaves, causing them to turn brown and wither. You might notice fine webbing on the underside of leaves. A strong spray of water can dislodge them, or insecticidal soap or neem oil can be used for heavier infestations.
    • Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects feed on plant sap, causing stunted growth and distorted leaves. They often cluster on the undersides of leaves and new growth. Insecticidal soap or neem oil can be effective in controlling aphids.
    • Corn earworms: These caterpillars bore into the stems of Lobelia, causing wilting and collapse. Look for holes in the base of the stems and remove affected plants to prevent further spread. Insecticidal sprays can be used as a preventative measure.

    Diseases:

    • Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea): This fungal disease thrives in cool, wet conditions and causes fuzzy gray mold to grow on flowers, leaves, and stems. Remove and dispose of affected plant parts to prevent further spread. Improve air circulation around your plants and avoid overwatering.
    • Leaf spots: These can be caused by various fungal pathogens and appear as brown or yellow spots on the leaves. Fungal diseases are more prevalent in wet conditions. If the spots are severe, fungicide may be necessary. However, often removing affected leaves and improving air circulation will help prevent further problems.

    Here are some additional tips to help prevent pest and disease problems with Lobelia:

    • Purchase healthy plants: When buying Lobelia from a nursery, choose plants that are free of pests and diseases.
    • Provide good air circulation: Do not crowd your Lobelia plants together. Good air circulation helps prevent fungal diseases.
    • Water correctly: Avoid overwatering, which can promote fungal diseases.
    • Deadhead spent flowers: This will not only improve the appearance of your plants but may also help to discourage pests and diseases.
    • Monitor your plants regularly: Regularly inspect your Lobelia plants for signs of pests or diseases. Early detection and treatment will help to prevent serious problems.

    By following these tips, you can help to keep your Lobelia healthy and free of pests and diseases.

    While Lobelias are generally low-maintenance plants, they can sometimes encounter problems. Here are some common issues and how to address them:  

    1. Pests:

    • Aphids: These tiny insects suck sap from plants, causing stunted growth and distorted leaves.
      • Solution: Blast them with a strong stream of water, use insecticidal soap, or introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs.
    • Slugs and Snails: They can chew holes in leaves and stems, especially in damp conditions.
      • Solution: Hand-pick them at night, use beer traps, or create barriers with copper tape or diatomaceous earth.
    • Spider Mites: These tiny pests cause stippling on leaves and may produce fine webbing.
      • Solution: Increase humidity, use insecticidal soap, or introduce predatory mites.

    2. Diseases:

    • Powdery Mildew: A white, powdery coating on leaves can cause them to yellow and distort.
      • Solution: Improve air circulation, avoid overhead watering, and use a fungicide if necessary.
    • Rust: Reddish-brown pustules on leaves can weaken the plant.
      • Solution: Remove affected leaves, improve air circulation, and avoid overhead watering.
    • Root Rot: Overwatering or poorly drained soil can lead to root rot, causing wilting and decline.
      • Solution: Ensure good drainage, avoid overwatering, and use a fungicide if necessary.

    3. Environmental Issues:

    • Leggy Growth: Insufficient sunlight can cause Lobelia to become leggy and produce fewer blooms.
      • Solution: Move the plant to a sunnier location or pinch back stems to encourage bushier growth.
    • Wilting: Wilting can be caused by underwatering, overwatering, or root rot.
      • Solution: Check the soil moisture and adjust watering accordingly. If the soil is soggy, address potential root rot.
    • Failure to Bloom: Lack of sunlight, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, or overcrowding can inhibit blooming.
      • Solution: Provide adequate sunlight, use a balanced fertilizer, and ensure proper spacing.

    4. Other Issues:

    • Brittle Stems: Some Lobelias, especially taller varieties, can have brittle stems that break easily in wind or rain.
      • Solution: Provide support with stakes or grow them in a sheltered location.
    • Deer Browsing: Deer may find Lobelia tasty.
      • Solution: Use deer repellent or physical barriers to protect the plants.

    By being aware of these potential problems and taking preventive measures, you can help your Lobelias thrive and enjoy their beautiful blooms! If you notice any specific issues with your Lobelia, feel free to describe them, and I can offer more targeted advice.

    Absolutely, Lobelia can be a beautiful and versatile addition to floral arrangements! Here is why:

    • Variety of colors and forms: Lobelia comes in a wide range of colors, including blue, red, purple, pink, and white. You can find trailing varieties perfect for cascading arrangements or upright varieties that add pops of color and texture.
    • Long bloom time: Many Lobelia varieties have a long blooming period, extending from spring to fall, which can add extended beauty to your arrangements.
    • Attracts pollinators: If you are creating an outdoor arrangement, Lobelia can attract pollinators like butterflies and hummingbirds, adding a touch of life and movement to your display.

    Here are some tips for using Lobelia in floral arrangements:

    • Choose the right variety: Consider the overall style and color scheme of your arrangement when selecting a Lobelia variety. Trailing varieties work well in hanging baskets or cascading arrangements, while upright varieties can add height and structure.
    • Combine with complementary flowers: Lobelia pairs well with a variety of flowers. Here are some ideas:
      • For a classic look, combine Lobelia with pansies, violas, or alyssum.
      • For a bolder look, pair Lobelia with marigolds or zinnias.
      • For a more delicate look, Lobelia can be paired with baby's breath or ferns.
    • Prepare Lobelia for arrangements: Cut stems at a diagonal to maximize water absorption and remove any lower leaves that might fall below the water line in the vase.
    • Hydrate Lobelia stems: Before adding them to your arrangement, give the Lobelia stems a fresh cut and place them in a vase of cool water for several hours.

    With a little planning and creativity, you can use Lobelia to create stunning and eye-catching floral arrangements.

    The invasiveness of Lobelia depends on the specific species and your location. Here is a breakdown:

    • Native Lobelia: There are native Lobelia species in North America, such as the blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica). These species are not invasive and can be a good choice for gardens that support native ecosystems.
    • Non-native Lobelia: Some Lobelia species, particularly trailing lobelia (Lobelia erinus), are non-native and can be invasive in certain areas. They can spread aggressively and outcompete native plants, disrupting the natural balance of the ecosystem.

    Here is what you can do to determine if a Lobelia species is invasive in your area:

    • Research the specific variety: Before planting Lobelia, identify the exact species in which you are interested.
    • Check with local resources: Consult your local gardening resources, nurseries, or cooperative extension office to see if that particular Lobelia species is listed as invasive in your area. They can provide you with information about native Lobelia species that are well-suited for your location.
    • Online resources: Websites like the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States [invasive plant atlas ON Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States invasiveplantatlas.org] can be helpful for checking the invasive status of plants by location.

    By following these steps, you can make informed decisions about planting Lobelia in your garden and avoid introducing potentially invasive species into your local environment.

    The best time to propagate Lobelia depends on whether you are doing it from seeds or stem cuttings:

    • Propagation by seeds: Early spring (normally 4-8 weeks before transplanting outdoors) is the ideal time for sowing Lobelia seeds. This allows the seedlings ample time to develop a strong root system before the warmer summer temperatures arrive.
    • Propagation by stem cuttings: Spring is generally considered the best time for propagating Lobelia through stem cuttings. This coincides with the plant's active growth period when it can readily root and establish new growth.

    Here is a more detailed breakdown of the reasons behind these timings:

    Spring for seeds:

    • Favorable temperatures: Spring offers mild temperatures that are neither too hot nor too cold, ideal for seed germination. Lobelia seeds typically germinate best in a range of 68-77°F (20-25°C).
    • Longer daylight hours: Spring provides increasing daylight hours, crucial for seedling development.
    • Preparation for transplanting outdoors: Sowing seeds in early spring allows the seedlings to mature sufficiently before the last frost has passed, making them ready for transplanting outdoors in late spring or early summer.

    Spring for stem cuttings:

    • Active growth: Spring coincides with Lobelia's active growth phase when the stems are more likely to root successfully.
    • Warm soil temperatures: Warmer soil temperatures in spring promote root development in the cuttings.
    • Time for establishment: Taking cuttings in spring allows them ample time to establish a strong root system before the summer heat arrives.

    Additional considerations:

    • Your climate: If you live in a region with a mild climate and longer growing seasons, you might have more flexibility with propagation timing. You could potentially sow seeds or take cuttings a bit earlier or later in the season.
    • Indoor propagation: If you are propagating Lobelia indoors under controlled conditions, you can be more flexible with timing. You can start seeds or take cuttings any time of year, as long as you can provide the necessary light, temperature, and humidity levels.

    Remember, regardless of the propagation method, it is important to choose healthy Lobelia plants as a source for seeds or cuttings. This will increase your chances of successful propagation.

    Here are some of the benefits of planting Lobelia in your garden:

    Beauty and Color:

    • Vibrant flowers: Lobelia boasts a wide range of flower colors, including blue, red, purple, pink, and white. This makes them a versatile choice for adding pops of color and vibrancy to your garden beds, borders, or containers.
    • Long blooming period: Many Lobelia varieties have a long blooming period, extending from spring to fall. This provides continuous color and visual interest throughout a significant portion of the growing season.

    Attracts Pollinators:

    • Food source for pollinators: Lobelia flowers produce nectar and pollen, attracting pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. This can benefit your garden's ecosystem by encouraging pollination of other plants and promoting biodiversity.
    • Visually appealing to pollinators: The vibrant colors and tubular shapes of Lobelia flowers are particularly attractive to pollinators, making them a great choice for attracting these beneficial creatures.

    Easy to Care For:

    • Low maintenance: Lobelia is generally considered a low-maintenance plant. They thrive in a variety of light conditions (full sun to partial shade) and with proper watering and occasional feeding, they can flourish without requiring excessive attention.
    • Versatile growth habits: Lobelia varieties come in both upright and trailing forms. This versatility allows you to use them in various gardening applications. Upright varieties add pops of color to borders, while trailing varieties are perfect for hanging baskets, window boxes, or spilling over container edges.

    Other Benefits:

    • Suitable for various climates: Depending on the specific variety, Lobelia can tolerate a range of climates, from cool to moderately warm. There are even some varieties that can handle light frosts.
    • Can be grown from seeds or cuttings: Lobelia can be propagated from seeds or stem cuttings, allowing you to expand your collection or share with gardening friends.

    Overall, Lobelia offers a combination of aesthetic appeal, ecological benefits, and ease of care, making it a valuable addition to many gardens.

    Several Lobelia cultivars have received prestigious awards for their exceptional beauty and horticultural merit:

    • All-America Selections (AAS) Gold Medal: Lobelia 'Rosamond' was awarded the AAS Gold Medal in 1934 for its vibrant blue flowers and compact habit.
    • Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (AGM): Several Lobelia hybrids have received this prestigious award, including:
      • Lobelia x speciosa 'Kompliment Scharlach'
      • Lobelia x speciosa 'Pink Elephant'
    • Proven Winners® Annuals Award: Several Lobelia varieties have been recognized by Proven Winners for their outstanding performance and garden appeal, including:
      • Laguna® Cloud White Lobelia erinus
      • Laguna® Compact Blue with Eye Lobelia erinus
      • Laguna® Dark Blue Lobelia erinus
      • Laguna® Sky Blue Lobelia erinus
      • Laguna® Ultravioletâ„¢ Lobelia erinus
      • Starship Blue Cardinal Flower Lobelia speciosa
      • Starship Deep Rose Cardinal Flower Lobelia speciosa
      • Starship Scarlet Bronze Leaf Cardinal Flower Lobelia speciosa

    These awards highlight the beauty, versatility, and resilience of Lobelia plants, making them popular choices for gardens and landscapes worldwide.

    Lobelia Species and Cultivars

    A Showy Native Perennial for Moist Locations

    The Cardinal Flower ( Lobelia cardinalis) is a show-stopping wildflower native to eastern North America. Its vibrant red blossoms, reminiscent of a cardinal's robes, light up moist gardens in late summer and early fall. This short-lived perennial is a hummingbird and butterfly magnet, making it a must-have for pollinator gardens.

    Common Names: Cardinal Flower, Indian Pink, Lobelia

    Phonetic Spelling loh-BEE-lee-ah kar-dih-NAL-iss

    Key Features:

    • Brilliant red flowers: Resembling the robes of Roman Catholic cardinals, these blooms appear in late summer and last through mid-fall.

    Characteristics:

    • Flowers: Brilliant red, tubular flowers bloom in elongated clusters (racemes) atop upright stems. The lower lip of each flower has three prominent lobes, giving it a unique shape.
    • Foliage: Lance-shaped, dark green leaves with finely toothed edges add to the plant's appeal.
    • Height: Typically reaches 2-3 feet tall, occasionally reaching 4 feet.
    • Attracts pollinators: Hummingbirds and butterflies are particularly drawn to the Cardinal Flower's nectar-rich blossoms.
    • Moist soil lover: Thrives in wet meadows, along streams, or in gardens with consistently moist soil.
    • Easy to grow: Requires minimal maintenance once established.
    • Native plant: A valuable addition to native plant gardens and supports local ecosystems.
    • Various cultivars: Explore options like 'Queen Victoria' with bronze foliage and 'Pink Flame' for pink flowers.
    • Habitat: Naturally found in moist areas like stream banks, swamps, and wet meadows.

    Growing Conditions:

    • Sun: Thrives in full sun to part shade. In hotter climates, afternoon shade is beneficial.
    • Soil: Requires consistently moist, rich soil. Tolerates brief periods of flooding but dislikes drying out.
    • Moisture: Essential for this plant's success. Mulching helps retain soil moisture.
    • Winter Care: In colder climates, apply a root mulch to prevent frost heaving.

    Garden Uses:

    • Pollinator Gardens: Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies with its nectar-rich flowers.
    • Water Gardens: A perfect choice for the edges of ponds, streams, or Wet meadows
    • Rain Gardens: Tolerates wet conditions and adds vibrant color.
    • Woodland Gardens: Enhances the beauty of shady, moist areas.
    • Borders: Provides late summer color and vertical interest.

    Important Note: This plant contains toxic alkaloids and should not be ingested.

    Cardinal flower is a herbaceous perennial in the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family that may grow 4 to 5 feet tall. The common name is in reference to the red robes worn by Roman Catholic cardinals. Lobelia cardinalis, commonly called cardinal flower is a Missouri native perennial which typically grows in moist locations along streams, sloughs, springs, swamps and in low wooded areas. A somewhat short-lived, clump-forming perennial which features erect, terminal spikes (racemes) of large, cardinal red flowers on unbranched, alternate-leafed stalks rising typically to a height of 2-3' (infrequently to 4'). Tubular flowers are 2-lipped, with the three lobes of the lower lip appearing more prominent than the two lobes of the upper lip. Finely-toothed, lance-shaped, dark green leaves (to 4" long). Late summer bloom period. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds, but not cardinals. White and rose colored forms are also known.

    It is easily grown in rich, medium to wet soil in full sun to part shade. Needs constant moisture, soil should never be allowed to dry out, and It will tolerate brief flooding. Although it will tolerate full sun in northern climates, it appreciates partial afternoon shade in hot summer climates of the lower Midwest and South. Root mulch should be applied in cold winter climates to protect the root system and to prevent root heaving. Mulch will also help retain soil moisture. If desired, this plant can be grown in a 1 gallon or larger container using rich, moist potting soil. Easily grown in rich, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade.

    The shiny leaves are alternate with a toothed margin and their rhizomes overwinter with small rosettes of leaves. Brilliant red blooms first mature in late summer and continue into mid-fall. The showy flowers begin opening at the bottom of a terminal flower spike and continue to the top. Propagate this plant either by seed or by separating the rosettes from the parent plant in the spring.

    A number of hybrid cultivars of the Cardinal flower have been produced; the most popular is 'Queen Victoria' with blood-red flowers and bronze foliage.

    This plant is effective in moist areas of woodland/shade gardens, wet meadows, or along streams or ponds. Also, water gardens and rain gardens. It also adds late summer bloom and height to borders as long as the soil is kept uniformly moist. It attracts hummingbirds and butterflies making it a welcome addition to a pollinator garden.

    Insects, Diseases, or Other Plant Problems: Snails and slugs may damage the foliage. Foliage contains alkaloids which are very toxic to humans if ingested.

    • Genus: Lobelia
    • Species: cardinalis
    • Family: Campanulaceae
    • Origin: Eastern United States
    • Height: 4 ft. 0 in. - 5 ft. 0 in.
    • Width: 1 ft. 0 in. - 2 ft. 0 in.
    • Herbaceous Perennial
    • Native Perennial
    • Water Plant
    • Wildflower
    • Deciduous
    • Habit/Form: Erect
    • Maintenance: Low
    • Soil Texture: High Organic Matter
    • Soil Drainage: Moist, Occasionally Wet
    • USDA Plant Hardiness Zone: 3a - 9b

    Lobelia dortmanna, also known as Dortmann's cardinal flower or water lobelia, is a unique and beautiful aquatic plant native to cool temperate regions across the Northern Hemisphere. It is a submerged perennial that forms a rosette of basal leaves and produces delicate, emergent flowers.

    Key features of Lobelia dortmanna:

    • Submerged growth: Lobelia dortmanna is a fully aquatic plant that grows submerged in lakes, ponds, and other bodies of freshwater. The basal leaves form a rosette underwater, while the flowering stem emerges above the water surface.
    • Leaves: The leaves are long, narrow, and cylindrical, resembling hollow tubes. They are typically green but can sometimes have a reddish or purplish tint.
    • Flowers: The flowers are small, pale blue or white, and have a tubular shape with five lobes. They are arranged in a raceme, which is a simple, unbranched stalk with flowers growing along it. The flowers emerge above the water surface and bloom from July to September.
    • Habitat: Lobelia dortmanna is found in cool, clear lakes and ponds with low nutrient levels. It is often found in the shallow margins of lakes but can also grow in deeper water up to 10 meters (33 feet).
    • Distribution: The plant has a circumboreal distribution, meaning it is found across the northern hemisphere. It occurs in Europe, Asia, and North America, including regions like Canada, the United States, and Scandinavia.
    • Conservation status: Lobelia dortmanna is considered a vulnerable species in some parts of its range due to habitat loss and water pollution. It is protected in many countries and is an important indicator of water quality.

    Additional facts:

    • Lobelia dortmanna is a perennial plant that can live for many years.
    • It reproduces both sexually, through seeds, and asexually, through the production of stolons (underground shoots).
    • The plant is often used in aquariums and water gardens to add a touch of natural beauty.
    • It provides habitat for a variety of aquatic insects and fish.

    Lobelia erinus, also known as edging lobelia, is a popular annual flowering plant that is native to South Africa. It is known for its trailing habit and masses of brightly colored flowers.

    Here are some key characteristics of Lobelia erinus:

    • Growth habit: Trailing, spreading habit with stems that can reach 6-12 inches long.
    • Flowers: Small, tubular flowers with two lips, available in a range of colors including blue, purple, pink, red, and white. The flowers often have a white or yellow throat.
    • Leaves: Narrow, linear leaves that are a light green color.
    • Blooming period: Spring to fall, with peak blooming occurring in summer.
    • Hardiness: Hardy in USDA zones 10-11, but often treated as an annual in colder climates.
    • Uses: Lobelia erinus is a versatile plant that can be used in hanging baskets, containers, window boxes, or as a ground cover. It is also attractive to pollinators like bees and butterflies.

    Additional information:

    • Lobelia erinus is generally easy to grow and thrives in well-drained soil with moderate moisture.
    • It prefers full sun to partial shade.
    • Deadheading spent flowers can encourage continuous blooming.
    • Lobelia erinus can self-seed, so it may spread and naturalize in the garden if conditions are favorable.

    Lobelia inflata, also known as Indian tobacco, is a species of Lobelia native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada south through the eastern United States to Alabama and west to Kansas. It is a herbaceous perennial that grows 1-3 feet tall and has erect, branched stems. The leaves are lance-shaped and have a slightly toothed margin. The flowers are small, blue, or purple, and are arranged in a raceme. The plant blooms from July to October.

    Lobelia inflata is a medicinal plant that has been used by Native Americans for centuries. It is believed to have expectorant, anti-asthmatic, and bronchodilator properties. It is also used as an emetic and to treat nausea and vomiting. However, it is important to note that Lobelia inflata can be toxic in large doses and should be used only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

    Here are some additional facts about Lobelia inflata:

    • It is a common garden plant that is often used as an ornamental.
    • It is a good source of nectar for bees and butterflies.
    • It is sometimes used as a smoking herb, but it can be toxic and should be used with caution.
    • It is also known as asthma weed, vomit weed, and vomitwort.

    Lobelia kalmii, also known as Kalm's lobelia, Ontario lobelia, and brook lobelia, is a beautiful perennial wildflower native to North America. It is found primarily in Canada and the northern United States, particularly in the Great Lakes region.

    • Habit: It is a small, slender plant that typically grows 10-40 cm (4-16 inches) tall. The stems are often branched and have a light green to purple color.
    • Leaves: The leaves are narrow, linear to lance-shaped, and usually smooth along the margins. They are arranged alternately on the stem and are typically 1-5 cm (0.4-2 inches) long.
    • Flowers: The flowers are small, delicate, and usually blue with a white center. They are arranged in loose racemes at the ends of the stems. The flowers bloom from July to September.
    • Habitat: Lobelia kalmii is a wetland plant that is often found in bogs, fens, wet meadows, and along the shores of lakes and streams. It can also grow in rocky areas, such as the crevices of limestone rocks.
    • Distribution: The plant is found throughout much of Canada, from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia. In the United States, it is found in the northeastern states, as well as in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa.
    • Conservation status: Lobelia kalmii is listed as endangered or threatened in several states and provinces, including Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Wisconsin. It is also considered to be vulnerable in Canada.

    Additional facts:

    • Lobelia kalmii is a pollinator plant that provides nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other insects.
    • It is sometimes used as a medicinal plant to treat coughs, colds, and headaches.
    • It is also a popular ornamental plant that can be grown in gardens or containers.

    Lobelia nuttallii, commonly known as Nuttall's lobelia, is a delicate and charming wildflower native to the eastern United States. It is a lesser-known species compared to some of its showier relatives, but it offers a unique beauty and plays a valuable role in its ecosystem.

    Here is a closer look at Lobelia nuttallii:

    • Appearance:
      • Slender, erect stems that can reach 1 to 3 feet tall.
      • Small, alternate leaves that are narrow and often have a slightly toothed margin.
      • Delicate, pale blue to lavender flowers with a distinctive "spur" at the base. The flowers are arranged in loose, elongated clusters (racemes) at the top of the stems.
    • Habitat: Nuttall's lobelia thrives in moist, acidic soils and is often found in:
      • Pine flatwoods
      • Bogs
      • Savannas
      • Wet meadows
      • Along the edges of ponds and streams
    • Blooming Season: It typically blooms from late summer to early fall (August to October).
    • Distribution: Nuttall's lobelia is primarily found in the coastal plain of the eastern United States, from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Texas. It also has some disjunct populations in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau.
    • Ecological Role: Like other Lobelias, it attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies.
    • Conservation Status: While not currently listed as endangered or threatened, habitat loss due to development and alteration of wetlands can pose a threat to this species.

    Interesting Facts:

    • Nuttall's lobelia is named after Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), an English botanist and naturalist who explored and documented the flora of North America.
    • It prefers acidic soils and is often associated with pine trees.
    • This species is relatively adaptable and can tolerate some drought conditions once established.

    If you are interested in wildflowers or native plants, Lobelia nuttallii is a lovely species to consider. It is a great choice for adding a touch of delicate beauty to a native plant garden, rain garden, or naturalized area.

    A Stunning Native Wildflower for Moist Environments

    Great Blue Lobelia is a striking perennial wildflower native to Eastern North America. It thrives in moist to wet conditions and adds a vibrant touch of blue to gardens and natural landscapes.

    Key Features:

    • Flowers: Light to dark blue, tubular, 2-lipped blooms form a dense cluster atop tall stems. The lower lip has three prominent lobes, giving the flower a unique shape.
    • Blooming Season: Late summer to early fall (July - October).
    • Height: Reaches 2-3 feet in height, sometimes growing up to 4 feet.
    • Leaves: Lance-shaped, finely-toothed, light green leaves (up to 5 inches long) arranged alternately on the stem.
    • Habitat: Prefers moist to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Ideal for rain gardens, stream banks, woodland edges, and meadows.
    • Wildlife Value: Attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, and other pollinators.
    • Deer Resistance: Low resistance to deer browsing.

    Growing Conditions:

    • Soil: Rich, humusy, moist to wet soil.
    • Light: Full sun to part shade. Tolerates full sun in cooler climates.
    • Moisture: Requires consistent moisture.
    • Maintenance: Low maintenance. Divide clumps in spring as needed. May self-seed.

    Landscape Uses:

    • Perennial borders
    • Wildflower gardens
    • Native plant gardens
    • Woodland gardens
    • Naturalized areas
    • Rain gardens
    • Pond or stream edges

    Additional Notes:

    • Great Blue Lobelia is a clump-forming perennial that can form attractive colonies in optimal conditions.
    • It is a valuable addition to pollinator gardens and provides late-season blooms.
    • The plant is deciduous, meaning it loses its leaves in the fall.

    Lobelia spicata, also known as pale spiked lobelia or spiked lobelia, is a charming native wildflower that graces meadows and prairies across North America. It is a versatile and adaptable plant, making it a favorite for gardeners seeking to add a touch of natural beauty to their landscapes.

    Distinctive Features:

    • Growth Habit: Lobelia spicata typically grows 1 to 3 feet tall, featuring an erect, unbranched stem that rises from a basal rosette of leaves.
    • Flowers: The pale blue to lavender flowers are small and delicate, forming a dense, elongated spike (raceme) at the top of the stem. Each flower has the characteristic two-lipped shape of Lobelias, with the lower lip divided into three lobes.
    • Leaves: The leaves are alternate, lance-shaped to oblong, and can be smooth or slightly toothed. They are primarily concentrated at the base of the plant.
    • Blooming Season: It blooms from late spring to early fall, providing a long season of color.

    Ideal Growing Conditions:

    • Sunlight: Lobelia spicata prefers full sun to partial shade.
    • Soil: It thrives in moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate some drought once established. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH.
    • Moisture: While it prefers moist conditions, it is more drought-tolerant than many other Lobelia species.

    Benefits and Uses:

    • Pollinator Magnet: The flowers attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.
    • Wildlife Value: It provides food and habitat for various insects and small animals.
    • Garden Uses: Lobelia spicata is an excellent choice for:
      • Native plant gardens
      • Wildflower meadows
      • Prairies
      • Borders
      • Cottage gardens
      • Rain gardens

    Interesting Facts:

    • Variable Species: Lobelia spicata exhibits considerable variation in its flower color, leaf shape, and height, leading to the recognition of several varieties.
    • Medicinal Uses: Historically, Native Americans used Lobelia spicata for various medicinal purposes, but it is essential to remember that Lobelia species can be toxic if ingested.

    If you are looking to add a touch of natural elegance and support pollinators in your garden, Lobelia spicata is a wonderful choice. Its adaptability, long blooming season, and wildlife value make it a valuable addition to any landscape.

    Lupinus texensis, commonly known as the Texas bluebonnet, is a species of lupine native to Texas and parts of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mexico. It is one of the most iconic wildflowers in the United States and is the state flower of Texas.

    Key characteristics:

    • Appearance: It is an annual plant that typically grows to about 12-18 inches tall. It has blue-green, palmately compound leaves, and produces clusters of fragrant, pea-like flowers that are typically blue with a white tip.
    • Bloom time: It blooms in the spring, typically from March to May.
    • Habitat: It is commonly found in fields, meadows, and along roadsides. It prefers well-drained soils and full sun.
    • Cultivation: It can be cultivated in gardens, but it can be challenging to grow outside of its native range. It is best to start seeds in the fall, as they require a period of cold stratification to germinate.
    • Symbolism: It is a symbol of Texas pride and is often associated with the state's history and culture.

    Interesting facts:

    • There are actually six species of lupine that are recognized as the state flower of Texas, but Lupinus texensis is the most common and well-known.
    • The bluebonnet is a legume, which means it is a member of the pea family.
    • The seeds of the bluebonnet are poisonous if ingested.
    • The bluebonnet is an important food source for pollinators such as bees and butterflies.

    Lobelia tupa, also known as Devil's tobacco or Tabaco del Diablo, is a remarkable perennial plant native to central Chile. It is known for its striking appearance and unique ethnobotanical uses.

    Here are some notable features of Lobelia tupa:

    • Growth Habit: It is a tall, upright perennial that can reach 4-8 feet (1.2-2.4 meters) in height.
    • Foliage: The large, velvety leaves are a silvery-green color and have a distinctive elliptical shape.
    • Flowers: The plant produces vibrant red, tubular flowers that are 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cm) long. The flowers are arranged in clusters along tall stems, creating a striking display.
    • Blooming Period: Lobelia tupa blooms from mid-summer to late fall.
    • Hardiness: It is hardy in USDA zones 7-10 but can also be grown as a houseplant in colder climates.
    • Habitat: In its native habitat, Lobelia tupa grows in dry, sandy soils along the coast of Chile. It is tolerant of drought and thrives in well-drained soil with full sun exposure.

    Ethnobotanical Uses:

    • Smoking: The leaves of Lobelia tupa have been used for centuries by Indigenous people in Chile as a smoking tobacco. The leaves contain nicotine and other alkaloids that have a stimulating effect.
    • Medicinal purposes: The plant has also been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including asthma, headaches, and toothaches.
    • Hallucinogenic effects: Some reports suggest that Lobelia tupa may have hallucinogenic properties when smoked in large quantities.

    Important Considerations:

    • Toxicity: Lobelia tupa contains toxic compounds and should be handled with caution. It is not safe for consumption and can cause nausea, vomiting, and other adverse effects.
    • Controlled Substances: In some countries, Lobelia tupa is classified as a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse.

    Cultivation:

    • Lobelia tupa is a relatively easy-to-grow plant that thrives in well-drained soil with full sun exposure.
    • It is drought tolerant and requires minimal watering once established.
    • During the growing season, it can be fertilized with a balanced fertilizer to promote growth and flowering.
    • In colder climates, Lobelia tupa can be brought indoors as a houseplant during the winter months.

    If you are interested in growing Lobelia tupa, it is important to be aware of its potential toxicity and to handle it with care. It is also crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.