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Digitalis
Towering Spires of Color & Charm
Digitalis, or Foxgloves, are majestic biennials (often treated as annuals or short-lived perennials) celebrated for their towering flower spikes and bell-shaped blooms. They bring unparalleled vertical interest, vibrant color, and a touch of whimsical charm to cottage gardens and naturalistic landscapes. Here is why you should choose them:
- Dramatic Vertical Accent: Elevate your garden design with the striking height and stately presence of Foxgloves. Their tall spires create stunning vertical lines, adding drama and dimension to flower beds and borders.
- Enchanting Bell-Shaped Flowers: Be mesmerized by the delicate, bell-shaped flowers that adorn the towering stalks. These charming blooms come in a delightful range of colors, from classic pinks and purples to creamy whites, yellows, and even spotted variations.
- Cottage Garden Essential: Foxgloves are the quintessential cottage garden plant! Their informal, upright habit and romantic blooms perfectly embody the relaxed and colorful style of a traditional cottage garden.
- Attracts Hummingbirds & Bees: Welcome pollinators to your garden! Foxglove flowers are irresistible to hummingbirds and bumblebees, drawn to their nectar-rich blossoms. They are vital for a thriving garden ecosystem.
- Thrives in Sun to Part Shade: Digitalis are versatile, thriving in both sunny and partially shaded locations. They adapt well to a variety of garden conditions, making them easy to incorporate into different landscape settings.
- Easy to Grow from Seed: Enjoy abundant blooms year after year! Foxgloves readily self-seed, naturalizing easily in suitable conditions. You can also easily start them from seed, allowing for cost-effective garden expansion.
- Deer Resistant (Generally): Protect your blooms from browsing deer. Foxgloves are generally considered deer resistant, making them a valuable choice for gardens where deer are a concern.
- Excellent Cut Flowers: Bring the garden indoors! Foxglove spires make spectacular and long-lasting additions to floral arrangements, adding height and drama to bouquets.
Bring height, color, and pollinator appeal to your garden! Choose Digitalis Foxgloves and experience the magic of these towering beauties.
Choosing the Right Location:
- Light: Digitalis thrive in full sun to partial shade. They prefer at least 6 hours of sunlight per day for best flowering. In hotter climates, some afternoon shade can be beneficial.
- Soil: Plant in well-drained, fertile soil. They are adaptable to a range of soil types but prefer soil that is rich in organic matter. Amend heavy clay soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.
- Good Drainage is Key: Ensure the planting location has good drainage. Foxgloves are susceptible to root rot in soggy soil, especially during winter.
When to Plant:
- Starting from Seed:
- Start Seeds Indoors: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost in spring.
- Direct Sow After Last Frost: Direct sow seeds outdoors after the last frost in spring, or in late summer for blooms the following year.
- Transplants:
- Spring or Fall Planting: Plant nursery-grown transplants in spring or fall. Spring planting allows them to establish before summer heat. Fall planting allows root development before winter dormancy.
- Avoid Summer Planting: Planting during the heat of summer can stress young plants.
How to Plant:
- Dig the Hole: Dig a hole that is twice as wide as the plant's root ball and just as deep.
- Amend the Soil: If your soil is poor, mix in compost or well-rotted manure into the excavated soil.
- Planting Depth: Place the Digitalis root ball in the hole so that the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
- Backfill and Water: Backfill the hole with the amended soil, gently firming it around the plant. Water thoroughly after planting to settle the soil.
- Spacing: Space Digitalis plants about 12-18 inches apart, depending on the variety and desired effect.
Ongoing Care:
- Watering:
- Consistent Moisture: Digitalis prefer consistently moist soil, especially during their active growing and flowering period (spring and early summer).
- Water Deeply: Water deeply when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch.
- Avoid Overwatering: While they like moisture, avoid soggy conditions. Ensure good drainage.
- Reduce Watering After Bloom: After flowering, reduce watering as the plants prepare to set seed or go dormant.
- Mulching:
- Apply Mulch: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as shredded bark, wood chips, or straw, around the base of the plants.
- Benefits of Mulch: Mulch helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, regulate soil temperature, and can help prevent soil splashing onto foliage, reducing the risk of fungal diseases.
- Fertilizing (Optional):
- Generally, Not Necessary: Digitalis are not heavy feeders and generally do not require much fertilizer, especially if planted in fertile soil.
- If Needed: If growth seems weak, you can apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring as new growth emerges. Follow product instructions carefully.
- Staking (Often Recommended):
- Tall Varieties May Need Staking: Tall varieties of Digitalis, especially those in exposed locations, may need staking to prevent flower spikes from bending or breaking in wind or heavy rain.
- Stake Early: Stake plants early in the season as they begin to grow tall. Use stakes and soft ties to gently support the flower stalks.
- Deadheading (To Prevent Self-Seeding and Encourage More Bloom - Optional):
- Prevent Self-Seeding (If Desired): If you want to prevent excessive self-seeding, deadhead spent flower spikes before they go to seed.
- Encourage Side Shoots (Potentially): Deadheading the main flower spike may encourage the development of smaller side shoots and potentially a slightly extended bloom period, though Digitalis are primarily spring/early summer bloomers.
- Allowing Self-Seeding (For Naturalizing):
- Let Some Flowers Go to Seed: If you want Foxgloves to naturalize and return year after year, allow some flower spikes to mature and go to seed.
- Control Self-Seeding if Needed: Be aware that Digitalis can self-seed readily. If you want to control their spread, deadhead spent flowers before they set seed.
- Biennial/Short-Lived Perennial Nature:
- Biennial Cycle: Most Digitalis varieties are biennials, meaning they complete their life cycle in two years. They grow foliage in the first year and flower in the second year, then set seed and decline.
- Self-Seeding for Continued Presence: Reliance on self-seeding is often necessary to maintain Foxgloves in the garden beyond the second year.
- Some Short-Lived Perennial Varieties: Some newer Digitalis varieties are bred to be more reliably perennial, offering blooms for several years. Check plant labels for variety information.
Pests and Diseases:
- Generally, Pest Resistant: Digitalis are generally quite resistant to pests.
- Aphids: Aphids may occasionally appear, especially on new growth. Hose them off with water or use insecticidal soap if needed.
- Slugs and Snails: Slugs and snails can sometimes be a problem, especially on young seedlings or in very damp conditions. Use appropriate slug and snail control methods if needed.
- Fungal Diseases: In humid conditions or with poor air circulation, fungal diseases like powdery mildew or leaf spot may occur. Ensure good air circulation, avoid overhead watering, and remove affected foliage promptly.
Important Note: Toxicity:
- All Parts are Toxic: All parts of the Digitalis plant are poisonous if ingested, including the leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds. Wear gloves when handling Digitalis and wash your hands afterwards.
- Keep Away from Children and Pets: Plant Digitalis in locations where children and pets are less likely to have access. Supervise children and pets around these plants and educate them about their toxicity.
- Use Caution: Be mindful of the toxicity of Digitalis. While beautiful in the garden, it is essential to handle them with care and awareness.
Enjoy the towering beauty and pollinator attraction of your Digitalis Foxgloves, bringing a touch of cottage garden magic to your landscape!
Digitalis (dij-it-tay-liss) Foxglove; Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae). The common foxglove grows wild in English fields and is one of the easiest border plants in American gardens. Nodding showers of bells, usually flecked inside, are produced on tall, graceful racemes and are extremely showy in mass.
Foxglove will grow in average, medium, well-drained soil, however Digitalis will thrive in acidic, moist, humus enriched soil. Keeping this plant watered, not allowing it to dry-out, will result in better flowering and healthier foliage.
Though some species are perennial and will persist for years, most digitalis are treated as biennials. Propagation is recommended by letting the plant self-seed and using the resulting plantlets to establish colonies in the garden that will persist for years as if they were perennials. Seeds may take 2 years to flower.
Excellent as a border, containers, cut flower, mass plantings. Plant along fences, at the wood's edge, or in large containers. Attracts hummingbirds. Deer and rabbit resistant.
Digitalis purpurea, commonly known as foxglove, is a captivating biennial or short-lived perennial plant that adds a touch of drama to any garden. Imagine a vibrant symphony of tall, elegant spires adorned with bell-shaped flowers, often in shades of purple, pink, or white, swaying gently in the summer breeze. This is the magic that foxglove brings to a garden.
With a history as rich as its blossoms, the foxglove, or Digitalis purpurea, originates from the temperate regions of Europe. It has since made its way across continents, naturalizing in parts of North America and other temperate zones. The plant's name, "Digitalis," is derived from the Latin word for "finger," a nod to the unique shape of its flowers.
In its first year, Digitalis purpurea establishes a ground-level rosette of leaves, gathering strength for its grand performance in the following year. As the second year unfolds, a flowering stem emerges from the heart of the rosette, reaching skyward to heights of 1–2 meters or more. This stem becomes a stage for a spectacular floral display, displaying a profusion of tubular, pendulous flowers. While typically purple, these blossoms can also surprise with hues of pink, rose, yellow, or white, often adorned with intricate spotted patterns within.
Interestingly, the lifespan of Digitalis purpurea can vary. While the true biennial form, Digitalis purpurea, completes its life cycle in two years, some modern hybrids exhibit perennial tendencies, gracing gardens for three to five years or even longer. Gardeners will also appreciate that this striking plant is generally resistant to deer and rabbits, making it a versatile choice for various garden settings. However, it is worth noting that this plant has shown invasive tendencies in some regions of the United States.
Striking Appearance
- Tall Flower Spikes: Digitalis plants are renowned for their tall, elegant flower spikes, which can reach heights of 3 to 6 feet, depending on the variety. These spires are adorned with numerous bell-shaped flowers, creating a stunning vertical accent in garden beds and borders.
- Variety of Colors: Digitalis flowers come in a wide array of colors, including shades of purple, pink, white, yellow, and even apricot. Some varieties feature speckled or spotted throats, adding to their visual interest.
- Attractive Foliage: The plants also boast attractive foliage with slightly fuzzy, green leaves that form a basal rosette at the base of the flower spike.
Cultivation Tips
- Biennials or Short-lived Perennials: Most Digitalis species are biennials, meaning they complete their life cycle in two years. In the first year, they develop foliage, and in the second year, they produce flowers and then die. However, some varieties are short-lived perennials, blooming for several years.
- Growing Conditions: Digitalis thrives in partial shade to full sun, depending on the climate. They prefer well-drained soil and can tolerate some drought conditions once established.
Growing Conditions:
- USDA Plant Hardiness Zone: 4a - 9b
- Light: Foxgloves prefer partial shade, especially in hotter climates. They can tolerate full sun in cooler regions.
- Soil: Moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter is ideal. Consistent moisture is important, especially during dry spells.
- Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can prolong the blooming period and prevent excessive self-seeding. However, allowing some flowers to go to seed will encourage new plants to sprout and maintain a continuous display in your garden.
Care Requirements
- Light Digitalis purpurea exhibits adaptability when it comes to light conditions. While it flourishes in partial shade, particularly in warmer climates where the afternoon sun can be intense, it can also tolerate full sun in cooler northern regions. Providing some shade during the hottest parts of the day can help prevent wilting and promote optimal flowering.
- Watering Maintaining consistent moisture is essential for the well-being of Digitalis purpurea. Water deeply and regularly, allowing the soil to slightly dry between waterings. Employing soaker hoses or drip irrigation can be beneficial in achieving this balance.
- Key Insight: Proper watering and soil drainage are crucial for preventing crown rot, a common problem for Digitalis purpurea. Crown rot occurs when the plant's crown, where the stem meets the roots, becomes infected with fungus, often due to excessive moisture or poor drainage. This can lead to the decline and eventual death of the plant.
- Soil Digitalis purpurea thrives in well-drained, loamy soil with a slightly acidic pH. Incorporating organic matter, such as compost, can enhance drainage, and provide essential nutrients.
- Temperature and Humidity Digitalis purpurea prefers cool to moderate temperatures. It can withstand temperatures as low as -40°F but may wilt in temperatures exceeding 90°F. While not overly sensitive to humidity, excessive humidity can sometimes encourage fungal diseases.
Pruning and Maintenance Deadheading, the practice of removing spent flower spikes, can encourage a second, though less prolific, flowering period. However, if you desire the plant to self-seed and grace your garden with new foxgloves in the future, leave some flower spikes to mature and disperse their seeds. In the fall or early spring, cut back the plant to its basal rosette to promote vigor and maintain a desirable shape.
To protect first-year plants that have not yet bloomed, consider covering them with a thick layer of dried leaves or mulch after the ground freezes in late fall or early winter. This helps to moderate soil temperatures and prevent frost damage. Remember to remove the mulch promptly in the spring to avoid crown rot.
Toxicity Gardeners should be aware that all parts of Digitalis purpurea contain toxic compounds that can be harmful to humans and animals if ingested. Ingestion can lead to various symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and heart problems. Therefore, it is crucial to keep the plant out of reach of children and pets and to wear gloves when handling it.
Key Insight: While Digitalis purpurea is toxic, it is rarely a problem for pets due to its bitter taste, which generally discourages them from nibbling on it.
Pests and Diseases
Common Pests Digitalis purpurea can be susceptible to pests such as aphids, mealybugs, slugs, and Japanese beetles. These pests can cause damage to the plant's foliage and overall health.
To prevent infestations, ensure good air circulation around the plants and avoid overhead watering, which can create a humid environment favorable to pests. For minor infestations, consider using insecticidal soap or neem oil, which are less harmful to beneficial insects.
Common Diseases Powdery mildew, leaf spot, and crown rot are common diseases that can affect Digitalis purpurea. These diseases can cause unsightly damage to the plant's leaves and, in severe cases, can lead to its decline.
To prevent these diseases, provide good air circulation, avoid overwatering, and plant in well-drained soil. These measures help to create an environment less conducive to disease development.
Varieties Digitalis purpurea comes in a variety of cultivars, each with its own unique characteristics:
|
Cultivar |
Flower Color |
Height |
Characteristics |
|
'Excelsior Hybrids' |
White, pale pink, dark pink |
Tall |
Larger blooms in fatter spikes |
|
'Pam's Choice' |
White with maroon-spotted throats |
Tall |
Showy and distinctive |
|
'Snow Thimble' |
Pure white |
Tall |
Elegant and classic |
|
'Sutton's Apricot' |
Apricot |
Tall |
Unique and warm-toned |
|
'Dalmatian Purple' |
Purple |
Shorter |
Compact and vibrant |
|
'Camelot Series' |
Cream, white, lavender, pink |
Tall |
First-year flowering |
Key Insight: While traditionally considered a biennial, some modern Digitalis purpurea hybrids are classified as short-lived perennials. This means that they may continue to bloom for several years, providing long-lasting beauty in the garden.
Propagation Digitalis purpurea can be propagated from seeds or by division. Seeds can be collected from the flower heads after the blooms have faded. Sow the seeds in the spring or early summer, and they will typically germinate in 2-3 weeks when temperatures reach between 70 and 80°F.
Benefits Despite its toxicity, Digitalis purpurea offers valuable benefits:
- Medicinal Uses: It is a source of the heart medicine digoxin, used to treat heart failure and heart rhythm problems. Historically, it was used to treat heart conditions and dropsy (edema).
- Pollinator-Friendly: Its flowers attract bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, contributing to the biodiversity of your garden.
- Ornamental Value: Its tall, elegant spires of flowers add vertical interest and a touch of drama to gardens, creating a visually captivating display. The species usually has a one-sided raceme with 20-80 flowers, but improved cultivars often have flowers completely surrounding the stem.
Digitalis purpurea is a rewarding plant for gardeners who appreciate its beauty and understand its care requirements. By following the guidelines in this guide, you can successfully cultivate this captivating plant and enjoy its stunning floral displays in your garden. Remember to handle this plant with care, as it is toxic to humans and animals. With proper precautions and attention to its needs, Digitalis purpurea can become a star performer in your garden, adding beauty, attracting pollinators, and providing a touch of historical intrigue.
Landscaping Ideas
- Cottage Gardens: Digitalis is a classic addition to cottage gardens, where its tall spires add height and visual interest among other flowering plants.
- Woodland Gardens: Their preference for partial shade makes them well-suited for woodland gardens, where they can thrive under the dappled shade of trees.
- Borders and Background Plantings: Digitalis can be used effectively in borders, providing a backdrop for shorter plants. They can also be planted en masse to create a dramatic display.
- Containers: Some dwarf varieties of Digitalis are suitable for growing in containers, adding a vertical element to patios and balconies.
Attracting Pollinators
- Bee-Friendly: Digitalis flowers are highly attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, making them a valuable addition to pollinator-friendly gardens.
Important Note: Remember that all parts of Digitalis plants are toxic if ingested, so it is essential to keep them out of reach of children and pets.
- By incorporating Digitalis into your garden, you can enjoy their captivating beauty and First Year: In its first year, foxglove forms a low-lying rosette of fuzzy, green leaves. These leaves are oblong and can reach up to a foot in length, providing interesting texture even before flowering.
- Second Year: The magic happens in the second year when a tall, leafy stalk emerges from the center of the rosette. This stalk, often reaching heights of 2-4 feet (and sometimes even 5!), becomes adorned with a one-sided cluster of pendulous, tubular flowers.
- Flowers: The flowers themselves are a sight to behold. Each bloom is 2-3 inches long and shaped like a finger of a glove (hence the name "foxglove"). They typically range in color from deep rose-pink to purple, but white varieties also exist. Many foxgloves have speckled throats with a beautiful pattern of purple and white spots inside, adding to their charm. These blossoms are a magnet for hummingbirds and bees, bringing life and movement to the garden.
Design Tips:
- Vertical Accent: The towering spires of foxglove create a stunning vertical element in garden beds and borders.
- Background Plantings: Use foxgloves to provide a dramatic backdrop for shorter plants.
- Mass Plantings: Planting foxgloves in groups creates a bold and impressive display of color.
- Woodland Gardens: Their shade tolerance makes them a perfect choice for woodland gardens, where they can thrive under the canopy of trees.
- Cottage Gardens: Foxgloves are a quintessential element in cottage gardens, blending beautifully with other traditional favorites.
Important Note: While beautiful, all parts of the foxglove plant are toxic if ingested. Keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Create a haven for pollinators, all while adding a touch of classic charm to your outdoor space.
Digitalis purpurea: The Showy Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea, commonly known as foxglove, is a biennial beauty that adds a touch of drama to any garden. Its striking, tall spires of bell-shaped flowers make it a favorite for cottage gardens, woodland settings, and borders.
- Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
- Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
- Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
- Clade: Eudicots
- Clade: Asterids
- Order: Lamiales
- Family: Plantaginaceae (Plantain family)
- Genus: Digitalis
- Species: Digitalis purpurea
Key Points:
- Common Name: Foxglove, Common Foxglove, Purple Foxglove
- Biennial or Short-lived Perennial: It typically grows as a rosette of leaves in the first year, flowers in the second year, and then dies (monocarpic). However, it can sometimes behave as a short-lived perennial.
- Native Range: Widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also become naturalized in parts of North America and other temperate regions.
- Toxicity: All parts of the plant are toxic to humans and animals due to the presence of cardiac glycosides (like digoxin).
- Medicinal Uses: Despite its toxicity, Digitalis purpurea has been used medicinally for centuries to treat heart conditions. The drug digoxin is derived from this plant.
- Etymology: The name "Digitalis" comes from the Latin word "digitus," meaning "finger," referring to the shape of the flowers. "Purpurea" refers to the purple color of the flowers.
Important Note:
While Digitalis purpurea is a beautiful and fascinating plant, it is crucial to handle it with care and keep it out of reach of children and animals due to its toxicity.
Foxglove is a striking plant with distinct features. Here is a breakdown of its morphology:
Overall Growth Habit:
- Biennial or Short-lived Perennial: It typically grows as a rosette of leaves in the first year, then sends up a tall flower stalk in the second year.
- Height: Flowering stems usually reach 1 to 2 meters (3-6 feet) in height.
Leaves:
- Basal Rosette: In the first year, a rosette of large, ovate to lance-shaped leaves develops at the base of the plant.
- Stem Leaves: Smaller leaves are arranged alternately along the flowering stem.
- Leaf Margins: The edges of the leaves are toothed or crenate (with rounded teeth).
- Hairy Texture: Leaves are often covered in soft, downy hairs, giving them a slightly fuzzy texture.
Flowers:
- Inflorescence: Flowers are borne on a tall, one-sided raceme (an elongated cluster with individual flowers attached by short stalks).
- Flower Shape: Tubular or bell-shaped flowers, about 4-5 cm long, hang downward.
- Flower Color: Typically purple to pink, but white varieties also exist.
- Spotted Interior: The inside of the flower is often speckled with darker purple or maroon spots, which act as guides for pollinators.
Fruit:
- Capsule: A dry capsule that splits open when mature to release numerous tiny seeds.
Other Features:
- Toxicity: All parts of the plant contain cardiac glycosides, making them poisonous if ingested.
- Adaptations for Pollination: The downward-facing flowers and spotted interior are adaptations to attract bumblebees, their primary pollinators.
Understanding the morphology of Digitalis purpurea helps in identification, appreciation of its beauty, and safe handling of this remarkable yet toxic plant.
Foxgloves are a beautiful addition to any garden, but they do have some specific needs. Here is a guide to successful cultivation:
1. Choosing the Right Location:
- Light: Ideally, provide partial shade, especially in hot climates. They can tolerate full sun in cooler regions, but afternoon shade is beneficial.
- Soil: Foxgloves prefer well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral pH is best.
- Moisture: Consistent moisture is important, but the soil should not be waterlogged.
2. Planting:
- Seeds:
- Timing: Sow seeds outdoors in late spring or early summer.
- Method: Scatter seeds on the soil surface, as they need light to germinate. Do not bury them.
- Transplants:
- Timing: Plant transplants in spring or fall.
- Spacing: Space plants about 1 to 2 feet apart, depending on the mature size of the variety.
3. Watering:
- Regular Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil consistently moist.
- Avoid Overwatering: Ensure good drainage to prevent root rot.
4. Fertilizing:
- Moderate Feeder: Foxgloves are not heavy feeders.
- Fertilizer Type: Use a balanced fertilizer or one with a slightly higher phosphorus content (for blooming).
- Application: Fertilize lightly in spring and again in mid-summer.
5. Staking:
- Tall Varieties: Taller varieties may require staking to prevent them from flopping over, especially in windy locations.
6. Deadheading:
- Prolong Blooming: Remove faded flower spikes to encourage longer blooming.
- Prevent Self-Seeding: Deadheading can also help control self-seeding, which can be prolific in some areas.
7. Winter Care:
- Mulch: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants in fall to protect the roots from winter cold.
- Self-Sowing: In many climates, foxgloves will self-sow, providing new plants for the following year.
8. Pests and Diseases:
- Generally Hardy: Foxgloves are generally pest and disease resistant.
- Potential Problems: Watch for slugs, snails, powdery mildew, and leaf spot.
9. Propagation:
- Seeds: The most common method of propagation.
- Self-Sowing: Allow some plants to go to seed to encourage self-sowing.
Additional Tips:
- Biennial Nature: Remember that most foxgloves are biennials, meaning they will flower in their second year and then die.
- Toxicity: Handle with care, as all parts of the plant are toxic.
- Variety Selection: Choose varieties that are well-suited to your climate and garden style.
With proper care, Digitalis purpurea can provide a stunning display of color and vertical interest in your garden. Just be mindful of its toxicity and enjoy its beauty responsibly.
This calendar provides a general guideline for caring for your foxgloves throughout the year. Remember to adjust the timing based on your specific climate and the needs of your Digitalis purpurea varieties.
Spring:
- Early Spring (March - April):
- Cleanup: Remove any winter mulch and debris from around the plants.
- Check for Seedlings: If you allowed plants to self-sow, look for new seedlings emerging. Thin them out if necessary to provide adequate spacing.
- Fertilize: Apply a light application of balanced fertilizer.
- Late Spring (May - June):
- Planting: Plant new transplants if desired.
- Monitor for Pests: Watch for slugs and snails, especially in damp conditions.
Summer:
- Early Summer (June - July):
- Flowering: Enjoy the beautiful blooms!
- Deadhead: Remove faded flower spikes to encourage longer blooming and prevent excessive self-seeding.
- Water: Provide regular watering, especially during hot, dry periods.
- Late Summer (August - September):
- Continue Deadheading: Remove spent flower spikes as needed.
- Collect Seeds: If you want to save seeds for next year, allow some flower spikes to mature and collect the seeds from the dried capsules.
Fall:
- Early Fall (September - October):
- Allow Self-Seeding (Optional): If you want foxgloves to self-sow, leave some flower stalks in place.
- Cut Back (Optional): You can cut back faded flower stalks if you prefer a tidier appearance or do not want self-seeding.
- Mulch: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants to protect the roots from winter cold.
- Late Fall (November - December):
- Cleanup: Remove any fallen leaves or debris from around the plants.
Winter:
- Winter (December - February):
- Protect: In colder climates, provide additional winter protection with evergreen boughs if needed, especially for young plants.
Important Notes:
- Biennial Nature: Remember that most Digitalis purpurea are biennials, meaning they will typically flower in their second year and then die. However, some may act as short-lived perennials.
- Self-Seeding: Foxgloves often self-seed readily. If you do not want new plants popping up everywhere, be diligent with deadheading.
- Toxicity: Always handle foxgloves with care, as all parts of the plant are toxic to humans and animals.
By following this calendar and providing attentive care, you can enjoy the beauty and drama of Digitalis purpurea in your garden.
While Digitalis purpurea is the most common and widely cultivated species of foxglove, there is still a surprising amount of diversity within it thanks to dedicated breeding efforts. Here is a look at the species, groups, varieties, and cultivars that make this plant so captivating:
Species:
- Digitalis purpurea: This is the species we typically refer to as "foxglove." It is the most common and has been the basis for many cultivated varieties.
Groups (within Digitalis purpurea):
- Gloxinioides Group: These have larger, more open flowers, often with a distinctive gloxinia-like appearance (similar to the flowers of Sinningia speciosa). 'The Shirley' is a well-known example of this group.
- Excelsior Group: Known for its tall flower spikes with flowers that bloom all around the stem, rather than just on one side. This creates a very full and dramatic inflorescence.
Varieties and Cultivars:
There are numerous named varieties and cultivars of Digitalis purpurea, offering a wide range of colors, sizes, and forms. Here are a few examples:
- Flower Color Variations:
- 'Alba': A classic white-flowered variety.
- 'Sutton's Apricot': Soft apricot-colored flowers.
- 'Pam's Choice': White flowers with deep maroon speckling inside.
- 'Primrose Carousel': Pale yellow flowers with a speckled interior.
- 'Candy Mountain': Rose-pink flowers that face upwards, a unique characteristic.
- 'Dalmatian Purple': Rich purple flowers with heavy spotting.
- Growth Habit Variations:
- 'Foxy': A dwarf variety with shorter flower spikes, ideal for smaller gardens or containers.
- Camelot Series: First-year flowering cultivars that come in a range of colors (e.g., 'Camelot Lavender', 'Camelot Cream').
- Dalmatian Series: Another first-year flowering series with a compact habit and colors like 'Dalmatian Peach' and 'Dalmatian Crème'.
Other Digitalis Species:
While D. purpurea is the most popular, other species are also cultivated, each with its own unique charm:
- Digitalis ferruginea (Rusty Foxglove): Tall with rusty-brown or yellow flowers.
- Digitalis grandiflora (Yellow Foxglove): Pale yellow, bell-shaped flowers.
- Digitalis lutea (Straw Foxglove): Smaller, pale yellow flowers.
- Digitalis × mertonensis (Strawberry Foxglove): A hybrid with strawberry-pink flowers.
Choosing Digitalis:
- Consider your climate: Select varieties that are well-suited to your growing conditions.
- Desired height: Choose dwarf varieties for smaller spaces or taller ones for a bolder statement.
- Flower color and form: Explore the wide array of colors and flower shapes available.
- Biennial vs. First-Year Flowering: Decide whether you want traditional biennials or cultivars that bloom in their first year.
With so many options to choose from, you are sure to find the perfect Digitalis to enhance your garden with its beauty and unique character.
Digitalis purpurea, with its tall, elegant spires of bell-shaped flowers, can create a truly enchanting scene when planted en masse. Here is how to make the most of foxgloves in mass plantings:
Choosing the Right Digitalis purpurea:
- Consider Height:
- Tall Varieties: Classic Digitalis purpurea varieties like 'Excelsior' hybrids reach impressive heights, creating a dramatic backdrop.
- Shorter Varieties: If you have limited space or prefer a more compact display, opt for dwarf varieties like 'Foxy'.
- Color Palette:
- Single Color: Mass plantings of a single color, like the pure white of 'Alba' or the deep purple of 'Dalmatian Purple', create a striking and unified effect.
- Complementary Colors: Blend complementary colors like pink and purple or apricot and white for a more dynamic and nuanced display.
- Flower Form:
- Classic Bells: Most Digitalis purpurea have the classic downward-facing bell-shaped flowers.
- Gloxinioides Group: For a more open and showy flower, consider varieties from the Gloxinioides Group, such as 'The Shirley'.
- Upward-Facing: 'Candy Mountain' offers a unique twist with its upward-facing rose-pink flowers.
Design and Spacing:
- Spacing: Space plants about 1 to 2 feet apart to allow for adequate air circulation and prevent overcrowding, which can lead to diseases.
- Woodland Settings: Foxgloves thrive in partial shade, making them ideal for mass plantings under trees or along woodland edges.
- Cottage Gardens: Create a romantic cottage garden feel by intermingling foxgloves with other flowering perennials like roses, delphiniums, and hollyhocks.
- Background Plantings: Use the tall spires of foxgloves as a backdrop for shorter perennials or annuals, creating layers of color and texture.
- Naturalizing: In areas where they readily self-seed, allow some foxgloves to go to seed to create a naturalized drift over time.
Care for Mass Plantings:
- Watering: Provide consistent moisture, especially during dry periods, to keep the plants healthy and prevent stress.
- Deadheading: Regularly remove faded flower spikes to encourage longer blooming and prevent excessive self-seeding (unless you want them to naturalize).
- Staking (if needed): Taller varieties may require staking to prevent them from flopping over, especially in windy locations.
- Pest and Disease Control: Monitor the planting for signs of pests or diseases and take appropriate action promptly.
Impactful Combinations:
- Cool Colors: Combine purple or blue foxgloves with white phlox, pink astilbe, and silvery artemisia for a soothing and elegant display.
- Warm Colors: Pair apricot or yellow foxgloves with orange daylilies, red poppies, and blue salvia for a vibrant and energetic scheme.
- Textural Contrast: Juxtapose the smooth spires of foxgloves with the feathery foliage of ferns or the spiky leaves of ornamental grasses.
With careful planning and proper care, a mass planting of Digitalis purpurea can transform a garden into a truly magical space. The towering spires of blossoms will add vertical interest, drama, and a touch of wild beauty to any landscape.
Digitalis FAQ
There are many benefits to planting Digitalis, also known as foxglove, in your garden. Here are a few of the most notable:
Beauty:
- Stunning flowers: Foxgloves are known for their tall spikes of bell-shaped flowers, which come in a wide range of colors, including purple, pink, white, and yellow. They bloom in late spring to early summer and can add a touch of elegance and whimsy to any garden.
- Long blooming season: Some varieties of foxgloves can bloom for up to eight weeks, providing a long-lasting display of color in your garden.
Wildlife benefits:
- Pollinator magnet: Foxgloves are a favorite food source for bumblebees, hummingbirds, and other pollinators. Planting them in your garden can help to support these important creatures.
- Deer resistant: Unlike many other flowering plants, deer tend to leave foxgloves alone. This makes them a good choice for gardeners who have problems with deer browsing in their gardens.
Other benefits:
- Easy to grow: Foxgloves are relatively easy to grow and care for, making them a good choice for beginner gardeners. They prefer well-drained soil and partial shade to full sun.
- Perennial: Some varieties of foxgloves are perennial, meaning they will come back year after year. This can save you money on having to buy new plants every year.
Important note: While foxgloves offer many benefits, it is important to remember that all parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested. This includes the leaves, flowers, and seeds. If you have young children or pets, it is important to plant foxgloves in an area where they cannot be reached.
Overall, planting Digitalis in your garden can be a great way to add beauty, attract pollinators, and create a deer-resistant landscape. Just be sure to take precautions to keep the plants out of reach of children and pets.
Here are some of the key characteristics of Digitalis, also known as foxgloves:
Plant type: Herbaceous perennial, biennial, or shrub depending on the species.
Height: Typically, 3-6 feet tall, but some species can reach up to 10 feet.
Leaves: Spirally arranged, simple, and covered in soft hairs. The leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant in the first year and then grow up the stem in the second year.
Flowers: Tubular and bell-shaped, borne in a tall spike at the top of the stem. The flowers come in a wide range of colors, including purple, pink, white, and yellow.
Bloom time: Late spring to early summer, with some varieties blooming for up to eight weeks.
Habitat: Native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwestern Africa. They prefer well-drained soil and partial shade to full sun.
Toxicity: All parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested, so care should be taken around children and pets.
Additional characteristics:
- Foxgloves are relatively easy to grow and care for, making them a good choice for beginner gardeners.
- They are a valuable food source for pollinators such as bumblebees and hummingbirds.
- Some varieties of foxgloves are deer resistant.
There are two main ways to plant Digitalis: planting seeds and planting seedlings. The method you choose will depend on your preference and climate. Here is a breakdown of both methods:
Planting Seeds:
- Best time: Sow seeds indoors in late winter or early spring or directly outdoors in fall.
- Seedling preparation: Use a well-draining seed starting mix and scatter the tiny seeds thinly on the surface. Press them gently into the soil and keep them moist but not soggy. Do not cover the seeds, as they need light to germinate.
- Transplanting: Once seedlings have a few sets of true leaves (around 4-6 weeks), transplant them into individual pots or directly outdoors if it is fall. Harden off seedlings gradually before planting them outdoors in cooler weather.
- Spacing: Space seedlings 12-18 inches apart.
Planting Seedlings:
- Best time: Plant seedlings outdoors in spring after the danger of frost has passed.
- Choosing seedlings: Look for healthy plants with strong stems and green leaves.
- Planting process: Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball and gently remove the plant from its pot. Place it in the hole and fill it back in with soil, firming it gently around the base of the plant.
- Watering: Water well after planting and keep the soil moist but not soggy until the plants are established.
- Spacing: Space seedlings 12-18 inches apart.
Additional Tips:
- Location: Choose a location with well-drained soil and partial shade to full sun. Avoid planting in hot, dry areas.
- Soil: Amend the soil with compost or organic matter before planting to improve drainage and fertility.
- Watering: Water regularly, especially during hot, dry periods. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
- Staking: Taller varieties may need to be staked to prevent them from flopping over.
Remember: All parts of the Digitalis plant are poisonous if ingested. Take caution when planting and handling the plants, especially if you have young children or pets.
Taking care of Digitalis in your garden requires minimal effort, but following these key steps will ensure they thrive and reward you with their stunning blooms:
Light and Location:
- Partial shade to full sun: Most varieties prefer partial shade in hot climates and can tolerate full sun in cooler regions. Avoid intense afternoon sun, especially in hot areas.
- Well-drained soil: This is crucial to prevent root rot. Amend heavy clay soil with compost or sand to improve drainage.
Watering:
- Regular watering: Water deeply and consistently, especially during hot weather. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to problems.
- Mulch: Applying a layer of mulch around the base of the plant helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.
Feeding:
- Moderate fertilizer: Feed with a balanced fertilizer once in spring and again after flowering. Avoid overfertilizing, as this can encourage excess foliage and weak stems.
Deadheading:
- Remove spent flowers: This encourages repeat blooming and prevents self-seeding if you do not want unwanted seedlings.
Staking:
- Taller varieties: Taller varieties may need staking to prevent them from flopping over, especially during heavy rain or wind.
Additional Tips:
- Biennials: Biennials like Digitalis purpurea will complete their life cycle after blooming in their second year. You can either allow them to self-seed and produce new plants or deadhead them before they set seeds to extend their flowering period.
- Perennials: Divide perennial varieties every 3-4 years to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding.
- Toxicity: Remember, all parts of Digitalis are poisonous if ingested. Wear gloves when handling the plants and keep them out of reach of children and pets.
By following these simple care tips, you can enjoy the beauty and elegance of Digitalis in your garden for years to come.
Digitalis, commonly known as foxgloves, are excellent at attracting pollinators, especially bumblebees and hummingbirds. They offer several characteristics that make them appealing to these important critters:
Nectar: Foxgloves produce abundant nectar, the sugary reward that pollinators seek. The nectar is hidden deep within the tubular flowers, encouraging pollinators to delve inside and brush against pollen-laden stamens, facilitating cross-pollination.
Pollen: The pollen produced by Digitalis is sticky and readily adheres to pollinators, further aiding in its transfer between flowers.
Flower Colors: Many Digitalis varieties feature vibrant colors like purple, pink, and yellow, which are highly attractive to bees and hummingbirds. These colors act as visual cues, guiding pollinators towards the nectar-filled flowers.
Flower Shape: The bell-shaped blooms of Digitalis are perfectly adapted for bumblebees, whose robust bodies can easily squeeze inside to reach the nectar. The tubular shape also helps protect the nectar from harsh weather conditions and unwanted visitors.
Flowering Time: Foxgloves typically bloom in late spring to early summer, coinciding with the peak activity period of many pollinators, ensuring a readily available food source.
Fragrance: While not all Digitalis varieties are strongly fragrant, some emit a sweet scent that further entices pollinators.
Overall, Digitalis plays a valuable role in supporting healthy pollinator populations, contributing to a thriving ecosystem and the production of fruits, vegetables, and seeds. So, planting these beautiful flowers in your garden is not only aesthetically pleasing but also a responsible way to help our delicate ecological balance.
While Digitalis are hardy plants, they can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases, particularly when stressed due to improper care or environmental factors. Here are some of the most common threats to keep an eye out for:
Pests:
- Aphids: These sap-sucking insects can stunt growth and distort leaves. Look for clusters of soft-bodied green, brown, or black insects on the undersides of leaves.
- Slugs and snails: These slimy creatures munch on leaves and flowers, leaving ragged holes and slime trails.
- Whiteflies: These tiny flying insects feed on plant sap, weakening the plant and potentially transmitting diseases. Look for white clouds taking flight when you disturb the plant.
- Japanese beetles: These metallic-green beetles with metallic green bodies can skeletonize leaves and damage flowers.
Diseases:
- Powdery mildew: This fungal disease appears as a white powdery coating on leaves, hindering photosynthesis and weakening the plant.
- Downy mildew: Similar to powdery mildew, but manifests as yellowing leaves with fuzzy white or gray growth on the undersides.
- Leaf spot: This fungal disease causes brown or black spots on leaves, which can eventually lead to defoliation.
- Crown rot: This fungal disease affects the base of the stem, causing wilting and eventually killing the plant. It thrives in wet conditions with poor drainage.
Prevention and Management:
- Good cultural practices: Ensure proper watering, drainage, and sunlight to avoid stressing the plants. Regularly remove fallen leaves and debris to reduce hiding places for pests.
- Encourage beneficial insects: Ladybugs, lacewings, and other natural predators can help control aphid and whitefly populations.
- Handpicking: Remove small infestations of pests by hand or use insecticidal soap sprays or neem oil for larger populations.
- Fungicide treatments: If fungal diseases appear, apply organic fungicides based on copper or sulfur according to label instructions.
- Plant selection: Choose resistant varieties whenever possible.
Remember, early detection and intervention are key to minimizing the impact of pests and diseases on your Digitalis. By keeping a watchful eye and taking preventative measures, you can ensure these beautiful flowers flourish in your garden and continue to attract pollinators.
You can absolutely use Digitalis, also known as foxgloves, in floral arrangements! Their tall, elegant spikes and charming bell-shaped blooms can add a touch of drama, color, and texture to your bouquets. Here is what you need to know:
Pros:
- Beauty: Foxgloves come in a wide variety of colors, from classic purple and pink to more unique shades like yellow and white. Their tall stems and delicate, hooded flowers create a whimsical and eye-catching presence in arrangements.
- Variety: Different foxglove varieties offer different heights and bloom times, allowing you to create arrangements with varying visual interest and longevity.
- Texture: The velvety texture of the foxglove flowers adds a delightful contrast to other, smoother blooms in your arrangement.
- Pollinator attraction: Even cut flowers can still attract pollinators, so using foxgloves can support beneficial insects even indoors.
Cons:
- Toxicity: All parts of the foxglove plant, including the flowers, are poisonous if ingested. Be cautious when handling them, especially if you have young children or pets around.
- Short vase life: Foxgloves typically have a shorter vase life compared to other cut flowers, lasting around 3-5 days. However, proper care can extend their lifespan.
- Fragrance: Some foxglove varieties have a faint, musky scent that may not be everyone's preference.
Tips for using Digitalis in arrangements:
- Choose fresh blooms: Select foxgloves with firm, unopened flowers, and healthy green stems.
- Condition the stems: Cut the stems diagonally and stand them in warm water for a few hours before arranging.
- Use floral preservative: Adding a floral preservative to the water can help extend the vase life of your foxgloves.
- Pair with complementary flowers: Foxgloves pair well with a variety of flowers, such as delphiniums, roses, lilies, and hydrangeas. Choose colors and textures that complement the foxgloves and create a harmonious overall look.
- Keep them cool: Avoid placing your arrangement in direct sunlight or near heat sources, as this can shorten the lifespan of the flowers.
By following these tips, you can enjoy the beauty and elegance of Digitalis in your floral arrangements while ensuring their safety and maximizing their lifespan.
Whether Digitalis, also known as foxglove, is considered invasive depends on your location and specific species. Here is a breakdown:
General information:
- Digitalis are native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwestern Africa.
- Some species, like Digitalis purpurea (common foxglove), are considered invasive in certain regions where they are not native.
Factors to consider:
- Location: Whether a particular Digitalis species is considered invasive depends on your specific location.
- Climate: Digitalis can easily self-seed in suitable climates, potentially outcompeting native plants.
- Species: Not all Digitalis species are equally invasive. Check with local resources to identify specific concerns about varieties in your area.
Examples:
- In the United States, Digitalis purpurea is listed as an invasive plant by the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States.
- In Canada, the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia considers Digitalis purpurea to be an abundant exotic species.
- In some European countries, like the UK, where they are native, Digitalis are not considered invasive.
Recommendations:
- Before planting Digitalis, research their invasive potential in your specific area. You can consult local gardening resources, botanical gardens, or government websites.
- If you are concerned about invasiveness, consider planting native alternatives with similar characteristics.
- If you already have Digitalis in your garden, be mindful of their self-seeding potential and remove unwanted seedlings to prevent them from spreading.
By staying informed and making responsible choices, you can enjoy the beauty of Digitalis while minimizing any potential negative impacts on the environment.
The best time to propagate Digitalis, also known as foxgloves, depends on whether you are using seeds or cuttings:
Propagation by seeds:
- Fall (September-October): This is the preferred time for sowing seeds outdoors in most climates. Cooler temperatures and consistent moisture from fall rains encourage germination and seedling establishment before winter dormancy.
- Early spring (February-March): You can also sow seeds indoors in seed trays or pots if you want earlier blooms. Harden off seedlings thoroughly before transplanting them outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.
Propagation by cuttings:
Early summer (June-July): Take softwood cuttings from non-flowering shoots. This method is faster than seeds but may not be successful with all varieties.
Additional factors to consider:
- Climate: In warmer climates, fall sowing may be less successful due to milder temperatures. Consider starting seeds indoors earlier or choose spring sowing.
- Species: Some Digitalis varieties have specific germination requirements, so check the information for your chosen species.
- Personal preference: Choose the propagation method that best suits your time constraints, gardening experience, and desired timing for blooms.
Here is a table summarizing the best time for propagating Digitalis based on method:
|
Method |
Best Time |
Notes |
|
Seeds (outdoors) |
Fall (September-October) |
Cooler temperatures, consistent moisture |
|
Seeds (indoors) |
Early spring (February-March) |
Earlier blooms, requires hardening off seedlings |
|
Cuttings |
Early summer (June-July) |
Faster than seeds, not successful with all varieties |
I hope this information helps you choose the best time to propagate Digitalis and enjoy their beautiful blooms in your garden!
Digitalis Varieties
The world of Digitalis, also known as foxgloves, offers a diverse range of varieties to enhance your garden with their towering spikes of beautiful, bell-shaped blooms. Here are some popular options to consider:
Perennial varieties:
- Digitalis grandiflora (Yellow foxglove): This sun-loving species boasts vibrant yellow flowers and can reach up to four feet tall.
- Digitalis ferruginea (Rusty foxglove): This unique variety features rusty-red flowers and evergreen foliage, adding a touch of winter interest to your garden.
- Digitalis obscura (Dusky foxglove): This shade-tolerant species produces clusters of deep purple flowers, creating a dramatic statement in shaded areas.
Biennial varieties:
- Digitalis purpurea (Common foxglove): This classic variety comes in a wide range of colors, including purple, pink, white, and yellow. It readily self-seeds, providing you with new foxgloves year after year.
- Digitalis lutea (Straw foxglove): This sun-loving species exhibits tall spikes of lemon-yellow flowers, adding a cheerful touch to your garden borders.
- Digitalis dubia (Spanish foxglove): This heat-tolerant variety flourishes in warmer climates and offers delicate clusters of yellow and orange flowers.
Hybrid varieties:
- Camelot series: This popular series includes foxgloves in various colors, known for their long blooms and compact size, making them suitable for containers.
- Foxy series: This vibrant series boasts foxgloves in bold colors like cherry red and apricot, adding a touch of drama to your garden.
- Illumination series: This unique series features bicolored foxgloves with stunning combinations like orange and yellow or pink and purple.
Remember, with so many varieties available, the best Digitalis for you will depend on your personal preferences, climate, and desired garden aesthetic. Happy planting!
Digitalis dubia, also known as Dwarf Spanish Foxglove, is a delightful, compact foxglove species that brings a touch of whimsy and charm to rock gardens, borders, and containers. Native to Majorca, this perennial foxglove is admired for its unique foliage and delicate blooms.
Distinctive Features:
- Petite Stature: Unlike the towering heights of some foxglove species, Digitalis dubia reaches a modest height of 15-18 inches, making it ideal for smaller spaces.
- Crinkled Leaves: The dark green leaves are distinctively crinkled and have a fuzzy texture, adding a touch of visual interest even when the plant is not in bloom. The undersides of the leaves are covered in white, woolly hairs.
- Delicate Blooms: In spring and summer, Digitalis dubia produces charming, bell-shaped flowers in shades of pink. The flowers have a shiny exterior and a fuzzy interior, adding to their appeal.
Cultivation:
- Sun and Well-Drained Soil: This foxglove thrives in full sun and requires well-drained soil. It prefers fertile conditions but can tolerate some drought once established.
- Watering: Water regularly, especially during hot, dry periods, but avoid overwatering, as soggy soil can be detrimental.
- Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can encourage additional blooms and prevent self-seeding, although some gardeners appreciate the naturalized look that self-seeding provides.
Garden Uses:
- Rock Gardens: Its compact size and drought tolerance make it a perfect choice for rock gardens.
- Borders: Plant it along borders to add a touch of whimsy and color.
- Containers: Digitalis dubia can be grown successfully in containers, making it suitable for patios and balconies.
- Pollinator Gardens: The flowers attract bees and other pollinators, contributing to a healthy garden ecosystem.
Important Note: Like all foxgloves, Digitalis dubia is toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
With its charming appearance, adaptability, and low maintenance requirements, Digitalis dubia is a delightful addition to gardens seeking a touch of understated beauty.
Digitalis ferruginea, commonly known as Rusty Foxglove, is a striking biennial or short-lived perennial that adds a touch of elegance and architectural interest to gardens. Its tall spires of uniquely colored flowers and attractive foliage make it a captivating addition to any landscape.
Distinctive Features:
- Unique Flower Color: The flowers of Digitalis ferruginea are a departure from the typical pinks and purples of other foxgloves. They range in color from creamy yellow to pale golden-brown, often with rusty-colored veins running through the petals. This gives them a warm, almost antique look.
- Tall Flower Spikes: The flowers are borne on tall, slender spires that can reach heights of 3-5 feet, creating a strong vertical accent in the garden. These spires are densely packed with pendulous, funnel-shaped blossoms, adding to their visual impact.
- Attractive Foliage: The basal rosette of leaves is composed of dark green, lance-shaped foliage with prominent veins. This foliage remains attractive throughout the growing season, providing interest even when the plant is not in bloom.
Cultivation:
- Sun and Shade: Rusty Foxglove thrives in full sun to partial shade. In hotter climates, afternoon shade is beneficial.
- Soil: It prefers fertile, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. Consistent moisture is important, especially during dry periods.
- Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can encourage a second flush of blooms and prevent excessive self-seeding. However, allowing some flowers to go to seed can create lovely colonies in the garden as it self-sows readily.
Garden Uses:
- Borders: The tall spires of Digitalis ferruginea make it an excellent choice for borders, where it can provide height and structure.
- Woodland Gardens: It is also well-suited for woodland gardens, where it can thrive in dappled shade.
- Naturalized Areas: Its ability to self-sow makes it a good candidate for naturalizing in informal garden settings.
- Pollinator Gardens: The flowers attract hummingbirds, bees, and other pollinators, contributing to a healthy garden ecosystem.
Important Note: As with all foxgloves, Digitalis ferruginea is toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
By incorporating Digitalis ferruginea into your garden, you can enjoy its distinctive beauty, architectural presence, and ability to attract pollinators, creating a dynamic and captivating landscape.
Digitalis grandiflora, commonly known as Yellow Foxglove or Large Yellow Foxglove, is a stately perennial that brings a touch of elegance to gardens with its graceful spires of soft yellow blossoms. Native to woodlands and stream banks of Europe and Asia, this foxglove species is a captivating addition to shady borders and naturalistic plantings.
Distinctive Characteristics:
- Charming Yellow Flowers: Unlike its more commonly known, purple-flowered relatives, Digitalis grandiflora produces pendulous, tubular flowers in a delicate shade of pale yellow. These blossoms, often reaching 2 inches in length, are adorned with subtle brown markings on their interior, adding to their visual appeal.
- Tall, Upright Spikes: The flowers are borne on tall, upright spikes that rise 2-3 feet above the foliage, creating a striking vertical accent in the garden.
- Attractive Foliage: The plant features lance-shaped, finely toothed leaves that form a basal rosette. The medium-green foliage provides a lush backdrop for the elegant flower spires.
Cultivation:
- Partial Shade: Digitalis grandiflora thrives in partial shade, making it an ideal choice for woodland gardens or areas with dappled sunlight.
- Moist, Well-drained Soil: It prefers consistently moist but well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during dry periods, to ensure healthy growth and flowering.
- Deadheading: Removing faded flower spikes can encourage a second flush of blooms and prevent self-seeding.
Garden Uses:
- Woodland Gardens: Its preference for shade makes it a natural fit for woodland settings, where it can be planted among ferns, hostas, and other shade-loving perennials.
- Borders: Digitalis grandiflora adds vertical interest and a touch of elegance to borders, especially when planted against a backdrop of darker foliage.
- Cottage Gardens: Its soft yellow flowers blend beautifully in cottage gardens, complementing a variety of other flowering plants.
- Naturalized Areas: It can be incorporated into naturalized areas or wildflower meadows, adding a touch of sophistication to informal plantings.
Important Note: As with all foxglove species, Digitalis grandiflora is toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
Digitalis lutea, also known as Straw Foxglove or Small Yellow Foxglove, offers a more understated beauty compared to its more dramatic cousins. This European native is a short-lived perennial or biennial that graces gardens with its elegant spires of soft yellow flowers.
Delicate Beauty:
- Subtle Hues: Unlike the vibrant pinks and purples of other foxgloves, Digitalis lutea features pale yellow, tubular flowers that exude a gentle charm. These blossoms are often speckled with brown on the inside, adding a touch of visual interest.
- Graceful Spikes: The flowers are borne on slender, upright spikes that typically reach 1-3 feet tall. These graceful spires create a vertical accent without overwhelming the surrounding plants.
- Compact Growth: Digitalis lutea has a more compact growth habit compared to other foxglove species, making it suitable for smaller gardens or borders.
Cultivation:
- Adaptable: This foxglove is relatively easy to grow and thrives in a variety of conditions. It prefers well-drained soil but can tolerate some dryness once established.
- Sun and Shade: Plant Digitalis lutea in full sun to partial shade. In hotter climates, afternoon shade is beneficial.
- Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can encourage additional blooms and prevent excessive self-seeding. However, allowing some self-seeding can create a naturalized effect in the garden.
Garden Uses:
- Cottage Gardens: The delicate beauty of Digitalis lutea makes it a perfect fit for cottage gardens, blending seamlessly with other traditional flowers.
- Woodland Gardens: It is also well-suited for woodland settings, where it can add a touch of sunshine to shady areas.
- Borders: Plant it in borders to provide vertical interest and a soft color palette.
- Pollinator Gardens: The flowers attract bees and other pollinators, contributing to a healthy garden ecosystem.
Important Note: Like all foxgloves, Digitalis lutea is toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
With its subtle beauty, adaptability, and ability to attract pollinators, Digitalis lutea is a valuable addition to any garden seeking a touch of understated elegance.
Digitalis obscura, also known as Dusty Foxglove or Willow Leaf Foxglove, stands out from its foxglove relatives with its distinctive appearance and resilient nature. Native to Spain, this shrubby perennial thrives in drier climates and less-than-ideal soils, making it a versatile choice for gardens facing challenging conditions.
Distinctive Features:
- Unusual Flowers: Unlike the typical pink and purple hues of other foxgloves, Digitalis obscura boasts captivating flowers in shades of rusty orange and greenish-yellow. Adding to their allure, the petals are adorned with a network of darker veins and spots, creating a truly unique display.
- Willow-like Foliage: The plant's common name, Willow Leaf Foxglove, comes from its long, narrow, gray-green leaves that resemble willow foliage. These leaves form an attractive basal rosette, adding textural interest even when the plant is not in bloom.
- Woody Stems: Digitalis obscura develops woody stems, giving it a more upright and sturdy structure compared to other foxgloves.
Cultivation:
- Adaptable: This tough foxglove thrives in average, well-drained soil and tolerates a wide range of conditions, including poor soils and dry spells. However, it is important to avoid overly wet soil, especially during the winter months.
- Sun and Shade: Plant Digitalis obscura in full sun or partial shade.
- Watering: Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings.
- Deadheading: Remove spent flower spikes to encourage a second flush of blooms. If left in place, the fading spikes can become unsightly as seeds develop. While some self-seeding can be desirable, it is often best to remove most of the spent spikes to maintain a tidy appearance.
Garden Uses:
- Drought-Tolerant Gardens: Its ability to withstand dry conditions makes it a valuable asset in water-wise gardens.
- Cottage Gardens: The unique flower color and form of Digitalis obscura adds a distinctive touch to cottage gardens.
- Naturalized Areas: This foxglove can be successfully integrated into naturalized areas or woodland edges.
- Pollinator Gardens: The flowers attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.
Important Note: Like all foxgloves, Digitalis obscura is toxic if ingested. Take precautions to keep it out of reach of children and pets.
Digitalis purpurea, commonly known as foxglove, is a beloved biennial that brings old-fashioned charm and vertical interest to gardens. Its tall spires of bell-shaped flowers are a familiar sight in cottage gardens and woodland settings, adding a touch of drama and elegance.
A Biennial Beauty:
Foxglove is a biennial, meaning it completes its life cycle in two years.
- Year One: During the first year, it forms a low-growing rosette of fuzzy, green leaves. These leaves are oblong and can reach up to a foot in length, providing textural interest even before flowering.
- Year Two: The magic happens in the second year when a tall, leafy stalk emerges from the center of the rosette. This stalk, which can reach heights of 2-4 feet (and sometimes even 5!), is adorned with a one-sided cluster of pendulous, tubular flowers.
Flower Power:
- Shape and Color: The flowers are 2-3 inches long and resemble the fingers of a glove (hence the name "foxglove"). They typically range in color from deep rose-pink to purple, but white varieties also exist.
- Spotted Throats: Many foxgloves have speckled throats with a beautiful pattern of purple and white spots inside, adding to their allure.
- Attracting Pollinators: These blossoms are a magnet for hummingbirds and bees, bringing life and movement to the garden.
Growing Guide:
- Light: Foxgloves prefer partial shade, especially in hotter climates. They can tolerate full sun in cooler regions.
- Soil: Moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter is essential. Consistent moisture is key, particularly during dry spells.
- Maintenance: Deadheading spent flowers can prolong the blooming period and prevent excessive self-seeding. However, allowing some flowers to go to seed will encourage new plants to sprout and maintain a continuous display.
Design Ideas:
- Vertical Accent: The towering spires of foxglove create a stunning vertical element in garden beds and borders.
- Background Plantings: Use foxgloves to provide a dramatic backdrop for shorter plants.
- Mass Plantings: Planting foxgloves in groups creates a bold and impressive display of color.
- Woodland Gardens: Their shade tolerance makes them a perfect choice for woodland gardens, where they can thrive under the canopy of trees.
- Cottage Gardens: Foxgloves are a quintessential element in cottage gardens, blending beautifully with other traditional favorites.
Important Note: While beautiful, all parts of the foxglove plant are toxic if ingested. Keep them out of reach of children and pets.
The Digitalis Dalmatian Series is a popular cultivar group known for its vibrant colors, compact habit, and early blooming. These foxgloves are a favorite among gardeners and landscapers for their ability to add vertical interest and a touch of whimsy to various garden settings.
Key Features:
- Compact Size: Compared to some of their taller relatives, Dalmatian foxgloves are relatively compact, typically reaching heights of 16-20 inches. This makes them ideal for smaller gardens, borders, and containers.
- Vibrant Colors: The series boasts a range of eye-catching colors, including shades of purple, rose, cream, and peach. The flowers often feature speckled throats, adding to their visual appeal.
- Early Bloomers: Dalmatian foxgloves are known for their early flowering, often blooming in late spring or early summer, bringing color to the garden earlier in the season.
- Uniform Growth: The series is bred for uniformity, ensuring consistent height, and flowering time, making them a reliable choice for mass plantings and landscape designs.
Cultivation:
- Sun and Shade: Dalmatian foxgloves thrive in full sun to partial shade. In hotter climates, afternoon shade is beneficial.
- Well-Drained Soil: They prefer moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, but avoid overwatering, as soggy soil can lead to root rot.
- Deadheading: Remove spent flower spikes to encourage prolonged blooming and prevent self-seeding, although some gardeners may appreciate the naturalized look that self-seeding provides.
Garden Uses:
- Borders: Their compact size and vibrant colors make them excellent border plants, adding vertical interest and a pop of color.
- Containers: Dalmatian foxgloves can be grown successfully in containers, making them suitable for patios and balconies.
- Mass Plantings: Their uniformity makes them a good choice for mass plantings, creating a dramatic display of color.
- Cottage Gardens: They blend beautifully into cottage gardens, adding a touch of whimsy and charm.
Popular Cultivars in the Dalmatian Series:
- Dalmatian Purple: Features vibrant purple flowers with speckled throats.
- Dalmatian Peach: Displays delicate peach-colored blooms.
- Dalmatian Rose: Displays lovely rose-pink flowers.
- Dalmatian Cream: Offers creamy white blossoms with speckled throats.
Important Note: Like all foxgloves, the Dalmatian Series is toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
With their compact size, vibrant colors, and early blooming, Digitalis Dalmatian Series foxgloves are a versatile and charming addition to any garden.